Showing posts with label Radiation Budget. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Radiation Budget. Show all posts

Monday, January 20, 2020

Video Lectures on Hydrology

I am collecting here my video lectures on Hydrology (in my broken English). These are mostly part of the two GEOframe Winter School held in 2019 and 2020 and from a Summer School on Landslides made a few years ago. Since video lectures on these topics are uncommon, I think it is useful to index them.  I also invite anyone who has similar contributions to share them. I will be happy to add them to my list here.

Here they are below subdivided by arguments with their companion slides:

Catchments Delineation and Geomorphometry

Data Interpolation with Kriging 

Richards equation
Radiation for Hydrologists
Evaporation and Transpiration
Hydrological Dynamical Systems  (a.k.a. lumped hydrological rainfall-runoff models) 
Other resources

  • Other Videos, that I am providing for my Hydrological Modelling Class are here.
  • Video collected by Kevin McGuire (GS) are here.


If you do not want to be just a tourist, you can go deeper and exercise with  Jupyter lab and GEOframe. For the latter, please see the material of the GWS2020. To anyone requesting, I can provide the original slides.

Friday, January 11, 2019

Material for the GEOframe Winter School - Radiation budget

After having spent time on preparatory topics, but before facing the hydrological processes, we need to cope with solar radiation. The topic was already treated in other posts. However not often in English.

Some very elementary slides about the sun:

Now some more complicate topics
Documentation of the components
Exercises illustrated by Jupyter notebooks by Michele Bottazzi
References

Corripio, J. G. (2002). Modelling the energy balance of high altitude glacierised basins in the Central Andes. Ph.D Dissertation, 1–175.

Corripio, J. G. (2003). Vectorial algebra algorithms for calculating terrain parameters from DEMs and solar radiation modelling in mountainous terrain, 17(1), 1–23.

Formetta, G., Rigon, R., Chávez, J. L., & David O. (2013). Modeling shortwave solar radiation using the JGrass-NewAge system. Geoscientific Model Development, 6(4), 915–928. http://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-915-2013

Formetta, G., Bancheri, M., David, O., & Rigon, R. (2016). Performance of site-specific parameterizations of longwave radiation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20(11), 4641–4654. http://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4641-2016

Sunday, April 15, 2018

Introduction to Solar radiation and its computation

Here they are the video of introduction to solar radiation for hydrologists. There is not any special in this. You can see all our contributions and literature on the topic in these posts.

Introduction to Radiation - Planck and Stefan-Boltzmann laws  (slides here)

Radiation from Sun to Earth (slides here)

Radiation vs latitude (slides here)

Attenuation of solar radiation by the atmosphere (slides here)

Copying with terrain (slides here)

Long wave radiation (slides here)




Friday, July 17, 2015

Site Specific Long Wave Radiation budgets

Estimating the longwave radiation is certainly a relevant task for any hydrologist who deals  with snow modelling and evapotranspiration (or, BTW, is trying to assess and close the whole hydrological budget).
This paper follows another one, that was written for the shortwave counterpart, which can be found here, and uses the same toolbox of components for calibration and other tasks (see figure below, for instance).  In order to obtain the results of the paper, a new JGrass-NewAGE component was implemented and tested and documented here.
The component and the related material performs a re-parametrization of ten empirical formulas found in literature, and introduces a regression to obtain the parameterizations coefficients in any location, based on those measured in Ameriflux site.


Information on the GEOFRAME site contains also indications for running the components code, and a working example of simulation.
The R script that contains the regression of parameterisations' coefficients be found on GIThub.
The published version of the paper is here.

Friday, June 27, 2014

Long wave radiation

I have already dedicated some posts and a paper to radiation. Radiation is deemed necessary to drive evapotranspiration and snow models. However, our previous efforts were dedicated mainly to shortwave radiation. Especially Giuseppe Formetta, however, was pushing to have a solid parametrisation also for long wave radiation (a.k.a as infrared radiation). The preliminary results are shown in the talk here given at the iEMSs conference in S.Diego.

In the talk we used Ameriflux measurements to calibrate a quite long list of parameterisations. No new theory, but testing of theories developed by others, in that kind of agnostic approach suggested by the use of modelling by component, supported by OMS and used in the JGrass-NewAGE system. The same topic in a poster by Marialaura Bancheri, my youngest Ph.D., here.

Friday, December 21, 2012

Direct Solar Radiation Models by Formetta et al. 2012-2013

This paper presents two new modelling components based on the Object Modelling System v3 for the calculation of the shortwave incident radiation on complex topography settings, and the implementation of several ancillary tools. To understand it, it can be useful to give a look to the previous post on radiation of few weeks ago. The first component, NewAGE-SwRB, accounts for slope, aspect, shadow and the topographical information of the sites, and use suitable parametrisation for obtaining the cloudless irradiance. A second component, NewAGE-DEC-MOD's is implemented to estimate the irradiance reduction due to the presence of clouds, according to three parameterisations. To obtain a working modelling composition, suitable to be compared with ground data at measurement stations, the two components are connected to a Kriging component, and, with the use of a further component NewAGE-V (verification package), the performance of modeled is quantitatively evaluated. The two components (and the various parametrisations they contain) are tested using the data from three basins catchments, and some simple verification test is made to assess the goodness of the methods used. The components are part of a larger system, JGrass-NewAGE, their input and outputs are given as geometrical objects immediately visualisable in a GIS (for instance the companion uDig), and can be used seamlessly with the various modelling solutions available in JGrass-NewAGE for the estimation of long wave radiation, evapotranspiration, and snow melting, as well as stand-alone components to just estimate shortwave radiation for various uses. The modularity of the approach is shown to be extensible to more accurate physical-statistical studies aimed to assess in deep the components performances and to extend spatially their results, without the necessity of recoding any part of the component but just making use of connective scripts.

This is, obviously not the first effort in such direction, and some other good softwares were produced as 
SolarFlux (in ArcInfo GIS) (Dubayah and Paul, 1995; Hetrick et al., 1993), Solar Analyst (Fu and Rich, 2000), SRAD (by Moore, 1992, and documented in Wilson and Gallant, 2000- but you can see this), Solei (Miklanek, 1993 - see this) or r.sun (Hofierka and Suri, 2002), and often integrate the models in GIS. 
Our modelling, making treasure of these previous efforts, is also in line with those tools that try to respond to the increase demand of modularity and interchangeability in hydrological and biophysical models and have been developed in the last decades.

Executable, Data, and Documentation of the system can be found following this link (not yet operational - give me a little time for preparing it, with the objective that everyone can reproduce the results of the paper). Source code is partially available through the jgrasstool page

Friday, December 7, 2012

Solar Radiation Physics and Geometry for hydrologists

I started to realize that a hydrologist has to learn about radiation, since the first moment I put my sight a little beyond rainfall-runoff moedelling, at least fifteen years ago. This was in building the first bricks of GEOtop: the first problem we faced was to avoid give radiation to point in shadows, i.e. calculating shadows. At the time this was not very much documented, even if the papers by Ralph Dubayah, Jeff Dozier, and others were already out since a few years. I started with giving a look to IPW and I tried to understand what and how it works, but eventually I finish to try my own modules.  To summarise some of the topic,  I renovated my slides on slideshare, which now better cover the notation, and can be considered as a preliminary reading before going to the Formetta et al. 2012 paper (see it on GMDD).
Radiation  treated in the slides mostly regards: geometry (where we finally followed the work of Javier Corripio), shortwave radiation treatment, and longwave radiation.
If, from many points of view working  with a real model of atmospheric absorption would be more exciting, hydrologists use mostly parameterizations, and that is what I mostly summarised in my slides together with a little of astronomical geometry.

Anyway, I found really useful the papers you see listed below.

References

(Mostly about short-wave radiation)

Bird, R. and Hulstrom, R.: Simplified clear sky model for direct and diffuse insolation on horizontal surfaces, Tech. rep., Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (USA), 1981.

Bird, R. E.,  Riordan, C, 1986: Simple Solar Spectral Model for Direct and Diffuse Irradiance on Horizontal and Tilted Planes at the Earth's Surface for Cloudless Atmospheres. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 87–97. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<0087:SSSMFD>2.0.CO;2

Boland, J., Scott, L., and Luther, M.: Modelling the diffuse fraction of global solar radiation on a hori- zontal surface, Environmetrics, 12, 103–116, 2001.

Corripio, J.: Modelling the energy balance of high altitude glacierised basins in the Central Andes., PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 2002.

Corripio, J.: Vectorial algebra algorithms for calculating terrain parameters from DEMs and solar radi- ation modelling in mountainous terrain, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 17, 1–24, 2003.

Dozier, J. and Frew, J.: Rapid calculation of terrain parameters for radiation modeling from digital elevation data, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 28, 963–969, 1990.

Dubayah, R.: Modeling a solar radiation topoclimatology for the Rio Grande River Basin., Journal of vegetation science : official organ of the International Association for Vegetation Science, 5, 627–640, http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/AGR/IND20453099, 1994.

Dubayah, R. and Paul, M.: Topographic solar radiation models for GIS, International Journal of Geo- graphical Information Systems, 9, 405–419, 1995.

Duguay, C.: Radiation modeling in mountainous terrain review and status, Mountain Research and Development, pp. 339–357, 1993.

Erbs, D., Klein, S., and Duffie, J.: Estimation of the diffuse radiation fraction for hourly, daily and monthly-average global radiation, Solar Energy, 28, 293–302, 1982.

Gubler, S., Gruber, S., and Purves, R.: Uncertainties of parameterized surface downward clear-sky shortwave and all-sky longwave radiation., Atmos. Chem. Phys, 12, 5077–5098, 2012.

Helbig, N., Lowe, H., Mayer, B., and Lehning, M.: Explicit validation of a surface shortwave radiation
balance model over snow-covered complex terrain, Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres, 115, D18 113, 2010.

Long, C. and Ackerman, T.: Surface measurements of solar irradiance: A study of the spatial correlation between simultaneous measurements at separated sites, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 34, 1995. Mikla ́nek, P.: The estimation of energy income in grid points over the basin using simple digital elevation model, in: Annales Geophysicae, vol. 11, 11 European Geophysical Society, Springer, 1993.

Orgill, J. and Hollands, K.: Correlation equation for hourly diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface,
Solar energy, 19, 357–359, 1977.

Ranzi, R. and Rosso, R.: Distributed estimation of incoming direct solar radiation over a drainage basin, Journal of Hydrology, 166, 461–478, 1995.
Spencer, J.: Fourier series representation of the position of the sun, Search, 2, 172, 1971.

Tovar, J., Olmo, F., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Local-Scale Variability of Solar Radiation in a Mountainous Region., Journal of Applied Meteorology, 34, 2316–2328, 1995.

Saturday, September 29, 2012

My Past Research on Physico-Statistical Modelling of the Water Cycle at Basin Scale

While GEOtop [J24, J25] is for process-based modelling of the mass and energy budgets at a small scale, in order to model larger catchments, which include abstraction works or hydraulic structures, it was decided to implement a new modelling system JGrass-NewAGE [J34].  This system sacrifices process details in favour of  efficient calculations.  It is made of components apt at returning statistical hydrological quantities, opportunely averaged in time and space.  One of the goals of this implementation effort was to create the basis for a physico-statistical hydrology in which the hydrological spatially distributed dynamics is reduced into low dimensional components, when necessary surrogating the internal heterogeneities with "suitable noise" and a probabilistic description.


Unlike other efforts of synthesis, JGrass-NewAge wants to keep the spatial description explicit, at various degrees of simplicity.  This has been made possible by opportune processing of distributed information which, in this way, has become part of the model itself.
From the point of view of the information technology used to implement the modelling  [J41, A44, A49, A50], the system is based on the OMS v 3 system, which allows the use of modern, object-oriented strategies for the structuring of the deployment of the software and, at the same time, furnishing not a model, but various, interchangeable, modeling solutions (MS) that can be adapted to the problems in hand and the practical demands of the problem being solved.
The modeling system, as well as the components to model the physical processes themselves, also includes various tools for the processing of input data (for example, Kriging tools), including all the tools of the Horton Machine [eb3] for the processing of digital terrain data, and the tools for the treatment and interpretation of the output data, for the calibration of model parameters, and (in perspective) for continuous data assimilation.
With this in mind, an effort that is currently being made is that of creating an opportune digital watershed scheme that can accommodate the needs of the various modeling conceptualizations and the identification of areas that are hydrologically "similar" that can be treated conjointly during the calculation of flows and storage. At the moment, model solutions use standard implementations.  [J34, J41, A50] contains the description of the rainfall-runoff part of the modelling system; [J43] is a verification of the radiation budgets components; [J44] is an example of simplified snow modelling.  As a standard, any components is verified by itself against the data relative to the process that it describes, using various automatic calibration procedures, and quantitative objective functions. [J34, J41] using the infrastructure show how increased geomorphological (and processes) information affects the quality of reproduction of the hydrologic response. [j44] explains the watershed partition, based on a generalisation of the Pfafstetter numbering scheme, that guide the functioning of the JGrass-NewAGE system.


References 

In English:

[J24] - Rigon R., Bertoldi G e T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and energy budgets, Vol. 7, No. 3, pages 371-388

[J25] Bertoldi G. R. Rigon e T. M. Over, Impact of watershed geomorphic char- acteristics on the energy and water budgets, Vol. 7, No. 3, pages 389-394, 2006

[J34] - Formetta, G.; Mantilla, R.; Franceschi, S., Antonello A., Rigon R., The JGrass- NewAge system for forecasting and managing the hydrological budgets at the basin scale: models of flow generation and propagation/routing, Geoscientific Model Development Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Pages: 943-955, DOI: 10.5194/gmd-4- 943-201, 2011

[A49] Formetta G., Antonello A., Franceschi S., David O. and Rigon R., The informatics of the hydrological modelling system JGrass-NewAge, 2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Managing Resources of a Limited Planet, Sixth Biennial Meeting, Leipzig, Germany R. Seppelt, A.A. Voinov, S. Lange, D. Bankamp (Eds.) http://www.iemss.org/society/index.php/iemss- 2012-proceedings, 2012

[j36] - Formetta G., Rigon R., Chavez J.L., David O., The short wave radiation model in JGrass-NewAge System, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 915-928, 2013, www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/915/2013/
doi:10.5194/gmd-6-915-2013

[J39] - Formetta G., Antonello A., Franceschi S., David O., and Rigon R., Hydrological modelling with components: A GIS-based open-source framework, Environmental Modelling & Software, 5 (2014), 190-200

[j42] - Formetta G., David O., Kampf S., Rigon R., The Cache la Poudre river basin snow water equivalent modeling with NewAge-JGrass, accepted GMD, 2014

[j44] Formetta G. , Antonello A. , Franceschi S. , David O., Rigon R.,  Digital watershed representation within the NewAge-JGrass system. Boletin Geologico y Minero, 125 (3): 371-381, 2014. ISSN: 0366-0176


In Italian:

[A44] Antonello A., Franceschi S., Formetta G., Rigon R., L’infrastruttura NewAGE per la previsione e la gestione dei bilanci idrici a scala di bacino: I - La struttura informatica, in Atti XXXII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Palermo, 14-17 Settembre 2010

[A45] Formetta G., Franceschi S., Antonello A., Cordano E., Mantilla R., Rigon R., Il sistema NewAGE per la previsione e la gestione dei bilanci idrici a scala di bacino. II - I modelli di generazione, aggregazione e propagazione del deflusso. in Atti XXXII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Palermo, 14-17 Settembre 2010

[A50] Formetta G., Rigon R, Le nuove componenti modellistiche di JGrass-NewAGE, Atti del XXXIII Convegno di Idraulica e costruzioni Idrauliche, Brescia, 10-15 settembre 2012