tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66875562786325398822024-03-19T11:35:07.895+01:00AboutHydrologyMy reflections and notes about hydrology and being a hydrologist in academia. The daily evolution of my work.
Especially for my students, but also for anyone with the patience to read them.AboutHydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07780450831205178672noreply@blogger.comBlogger849125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-88637633104775994252024-03-08T08:47:00.008+01:002024-03-11T12:05:09.864+01:00Modelling and Hydrological Modelling<p>These lecture are actually part of the 2024 course in <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2024/02/modellazione-idrologica-2024.html" target="_blank">Hydrological Modelling</a>. However because they can be of some more general interest, I am grouping them also here. They try to review the concepts of modelling in general and when applied to hydrology. In the series of lectures there is also a concise overview of catchment processes. The first lecture image, see below, it a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Cattelan" target="_blank">Maurizo Cattelan</a> artwork entitled "A donkey among doctors" which is my attitude when I approach the topic. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkhmzXoMpnSkhJ177GTWnavYl9ZRaxhOexmgW3SxKs3vRxFGvjluXiqFp4q4zOIa6pnVp33gXXRmBEyBRbJuAhjqtxSSY_0LZKoZlbFTPNEthU_UBara31sKPN-_MXRRLY-WOoLdPkYfG2phPB-qLsg2pGePNLRym7NZ_BkWKaETFk2kjPDjYQLDfasMg/s1534/Screenshot%202024-03-08%20at%2008.38.16.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1142" data-original-width="1534" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkhmzXoMpnSkhJ177GTWnavYl9ZRaxhOexmgW3SxKs3vRxFGvjluXiqFp4q4zOIa6pnVp33gXXRmBEyBRbJuAhjqtxSSY_0LZKoZlbFTPNEthU_UBara31sKPN-_MXRRLY-WOoLdPkYfG2phPB-qLsg2pGePNLRym7NZ_BkWKaETFk2kjPDjYQLDfasMg/w418-h311/Screenshot%202024-03-08%20at%2008.38.16.png" width="418" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/6gmwy" target="_blank">Models in Science</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915630506?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/xq879" target="_blank">Catchment processes</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921686011?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li>Further References</li><ul><li>Gao, Hongkai, F. Fenicia, and H. Savenije. 2023. “HESS Opinions: Are Soils Overrated in Hydrology?” <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>, July. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2607-2023">https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2607-2023</a>.</li><li>Ying Zhao, Mehdi Rahmati, Harry Vereecken, Dani Or. “Comment on ‘Are Soils Overrated in Hydrology?’ by Gao et Al. (2023).” <i>Egusphere -</i>. Accessed March 8, 2024. <a href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-629/">https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-629/</a>.</li></ul></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/weq9j" target="_blank">Hydrological Models</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921687042?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/3jc74" target="_blank">Seven steps in hydrological modelling: I - clarifying the purposes, II-geomorphology, IV-pre-analysis of input data</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921687537?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/y65ng/" target="_blank">Integral Distributed Model</a> or Hydrological Dynamical Systems, HDSys (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921965393?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/398264898">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/520952924" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/689696850" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/807526372" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/qt6ef/" target="_blank">The representation of Hydrological Dynamical System</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921967612?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/398267423">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/520952969" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/689696940" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/807526609" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/x534t" target="_blank">Seven steps in hydrological modelling: IV- setup, V - model calibration/execution/validation</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921967632?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/ek3vb" target="_blank">Seven steps in hydrological modelling: VI- delivery the results, VII- final deployment to stakeholders</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921967644?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/ynvqm" target="_blank">DARTHs </a>(Digital Twins of Earth System)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/snpmy" target="_blank">A new way to do models</a></li><li><div>A final view on Hydrological Dynamical Systems and their application to catchments.</div><ul><li>Hypothesis testing in Hydrological Modelling with HDSys (<a href="https://vimeo.com/529415905" target="_blank">At the whiteboard</a>)</li></ul></li><li><i>Further readings: <a href="https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/hs/2020/04/01/on-modelers-and-modeling/" target="_blank">a blogpost from EGU</a></i></li></ul></div>The final idea about the practice to do model is expressed in the paper and in the various posts that regard DARTHs which can be find <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/DARTH" target="_blank">here</a>. Among people that more reflected on Hydrological Modelling there is certainly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Beven" target="_blank">Keith Beven</a> [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=RNpyqeAAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">GS</a>]. To get a glimpse of his contributions, please see <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2022/08/nobody-applied-to-this-call-follow-up.html" target="_blank">this other post</a> which contains some of his relevant papers. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-31154903231655612602024-03-07T09:42:00.004+01:002024-03-07T09:56:00.967+01:00Stock and flow diagrams, a different way to represent dynamical systems<p><a href="https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2024/01/14/category-theory-in-epidemiology/" target="_blank">Stock and flow diagrams </a>(see also <a href="https://online.visual-paradigm.com/knowledge/business-design/what-is-stock-and-flow-diagram/" target="_blank">here</a>) are a way to represent dynamical system which is the same area covered by <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/EPN" target="_blank">EPN</a> ((Extended Petri Nets). They were brought to my attention by the talk John Baez gave at <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px;"> </span><a href="https://www.ems.ac.uk/event/online-ems-talks">Edinburgh Mathematical Society</a> last December. Fortunately the talk is available on Youtube.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="390" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rNBXDpmd6hU" width="469" youtube-src-id="rNBXDpmd6hU"></iframe></div>Although I find that the visuals of EPN are more expressive and the accompanying infrastructure is easier for engineers to comprehend, I have come to realize that listening to the talk is incredibly instructive when it comes to realize that EPN falls in the objects of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory" target="_blank">category theory</a>. An intriguing aspect explored in the talk is the representation of open systems within stock-flow graphs. In EPN, it is assumed that a flow box not originating from a place indicates that the system is open. Additionally, when one EPN features an outgoing flow labeled A and another EPN has an input flow with the same label, they can be combined to create a composite graph. However, in this presentation, a new rectangular symbol is introduced for the same purpose.<div>Personally, I find the solution in EPN more intuitive, although it may be considered less abstract. Nevertheless, I have come to realize that a similar graphical approach could prove beneficial in extending EPN to represent not only ODE systems but also PDE systems.</div><p></p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-43471434515372022832024-03-06T17:09:00.004+01:002024-03-08T08:50:59.663+01:00On Hydrological Models and their choice (and a use of the AboutHydrology mailing list)<p>Initially, I was captivated by the visuals that I could incorporate into my presentations. To my pleasant surprise, I discovered that the AboutHydrology mailing list served as a valuable data source. Remarkably, this platform has been active for approximately a decade (I need to verify the exact date of its inception) and has amassed a wealth of information.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQcjeda7GjkeJxYfgRiGBXq-9E1DqI-2z9fqbo7TH1naxnDRV9w5xYQr0yDx-3xy9n0F7U7omTI9RnKhRlvklTKDQegIUciIYhQDbZUuI9wBzAAAHnlmItXKoHBVjwWOgf38Q8T_jtKvGlE9uMWZGQCflSleb4qnht_f9DGHrVhdMX7HJxvM-aR-Sr2Mo/s1442/Screenshot%202024-03-06%20at%2017.06.26.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="1442" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQcjeda7GjkeJxYfgRiGBXq-9E1DqI-2z9fqbo7TH1naxnDRV9w5xYQr0yDx-3xy9n0F7U7omTI9RnKhRlvklTKDQegIUciIYhQDbZUuI9wBzAAAHnlmItXKoHBVjwWOgf38Q8T_jtKvGlE9uMWZGQCflSleb4qnht_f9DGHrVhdMX7HJxvM-aR-Sr2Mo/w633-h436/Screenshot%202024-03-06%20at%2017.06.26.png" width="633" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reproduced from Melsen, 2022</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Subsequently, I came across two intriguing papers authored by Melsen, delving into the "sociology of selecting a hydrological model." These papers proved to be quite engaging. Additionally, there are other noteworthy publications exploring similar themes. Notably, among the more recent works, Hamilton et al., 2022, and Horton et al., 2023, deserve special mention. Please find their citation below. In the paper you can easily recover previous relevant literature. <p></p><p>References</p><p>Hamilton, Serena H., Carmel A. Pollino, Danial S. Stratford, Baihua Fu, and Anthony J. Jakeman. 2022. “Fit-for-Purpose Environmental Modeling: Targeting the Intersection of Usability, Reliability and Feasibility.” <i>Environmental Modelling & Software</i> 148 (February): 105278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105278.</p><p>Horton, Pascal, Bettina Schaefli, and Martina Kauzlaric. 2022. “Why Do We Have so Many Different Hydrological Models? A Review Based on the Case of Switzerland.” <i>WIREs. Water</i> 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1574.</p><p>Melsen, Lieke A. 2023. “The Modeling Toolkit: How Recruitment Strategies for Modeling Positions Influence Model Progress.” <i>Frontiers in Water</i> 5 (May). https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2023.1149590.</p><p><br /></p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-7543042964725315032024-02-16T15:56:00.003+01:002024-02-16T15:57:56.804+01:00Summarizing my (with a good company) cryospheric work <div>The hydrological cycle is significantly influenced by the presence of water in its condensed states in middle and extreme latitudes. Various hydrological parameters change below 0 Celsius, such as water viscosity, thermal capacity, and hydraulic conductivity. Consequently, mainstream hydrology treatments that neglect freezing provide incorrect results in winter, high elevations, and the far north and south for most of the year. In the current state of global warming that threatens the cryosphere which is progressively disappearing, it is even more crucial to <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/SUNSET" target="_blank">address its dynamics</a>. </div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFbf-1Xx0SlLWI8FcyCgJT1W6qkYtBn-yMZAlaNoQ9tH6JIF4akn5u8EXbiaqkEcsJDnZBZCr2chF-VJgmmk_FSskvzEws04OEAzZnDeV9w3_RATgFYqldz3akU-12dZc03hatP4-pUy10OFDCwJQ87nsvRLEqLdQtVxj2zjUFVRD90mNMrCxcCgbGwV8/s3102/Neve:MostraREggioEmilia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2444" data-original-width="3102" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFbf-1Xx0SlLWI8FcyCgJT1W6qkYtBn-yMZAlaNoQ9tH6JIF4akn5u8EXbiaqkEcsJDnZBZCr2chF-VJgmmk_FSskvzEws04OEAzZnDeV9w3_RATgFYqldz3akU-12dZc03hatP4-pUy10OFDCwJQ87nsvRLEqLdQtVxj2zjUFVRD90mNMrCxcCgbGwV8/w395-h311/Neve:MostraREggioEmilia.jpg" width="395" /></a></div><br />A little of-of-date itinerary can be found in a <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2012/09/my-past-research-on-cryopheric-hydrology.html" target="_blank">previous post here</a>. To understand our progress, three milestone theses summarize the work done<p></p><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/335/" target="_blank">Matteo's </a> Together, we worked out the Thermodynamics of non equilibrium for ice-systems and the theory of freezing soils. Matteo implemented also an integrator in <a href="https://geotopmodel.github.io/geotop/" target="_blank">GEOtop</a>, not the perfect one, but acceptable. Matteo's 2011 paper is a benchmark paper in the topic. </li><li>Stefano's brought GEOtop to some maturity and especially fine tuned the various tools related to snow and ice. Stefano's 2014 paper remains a landmark in our work. </li><li><a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2021/06/theoretical-and-numerical-tools-for.html" target="_blank">Niccolò's </a> pushes forward the previous work. Especially remarkable is his work on re-implementing the informatics according to new (for us) concepts in OO programming and using (finally) safe algorithms for the integration of the equations. His WHETGEO and FreeThaw papers are a must read for completeness and clarity.</li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div>Our work's focus was primarily on <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2015/01/critical-zone.html" target="_blank">the critical zone</a>, where we modified the Darcy-Buckingham law to account for freezing and thawing and their related hydrological and mechanical effects. We primarily focused on the hydrological effects neglecting the mechanical ones but not neglecting the energy budget, a common practice in hydrology, which is obviously not possible. Consequently, we faced the necessity to simultaneously solve both the mass budget and the energy budget.</div><div><br /></div><div>The formulation of the equations can be found in the theses and papers cited above, and you will realize that establishing a correct relation between the Darcy scale energy content and the corresponding water (liquid or solid) is the main challenge. Proper physics requires the consideration of interfaces between the phases: air-water-soil-ice. While a complete understanding of this relation has not been yet achieved, some working approximations have been obtained. Looking at the two compartments, snow and ice in the soil, they differ in many aspects, with snow lacking soil and being affected by its aerial origin. Both snow and ice in the soil have their own complexities, which affect their evolution. They often interact and the fate of the soil with or without snow is quite different.</div><div><br /></div><div>While determining the correct equations would be satisfactory goal for many, it remains unresolved how to numerically estimate these equations. It turns out that these mildly nonlinear equations pose problems when solved using the usual algorithms based on variations of the Newton method. Convergence of the numerical methods is not guaranteed, and many workarounds have been deployed to overcome these difficulties, often leading to issues with mass and energy conservation principles.</div><div><br /></div><div>Fortunately, Casulli and Zanolli (2010) found a method to address these challenges. The fundamental paper can be found in bibliography, and a progressive approach to its formulation can be obtained by reading Casulli's lecture notes and completed <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2022/09/subsurface-surface-water-flow-and.html" target="_blank">by watching videos in this blog</a>. Ideally, attending<a href="https://www.unitn.it/dricam/929/winterschool-part-i-advanced-numerical-methods-free-surface-hydrodynamics" target="_blank"> Casulli's annual school in Trento, </a>held every second half of January after <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-geoframe-schools-index.html" target="_blank">our GEOframe winter school</a>, would provide the best understanding. Tubini's recent papers are the result of this approach, and FreeThaw and WHETGEO are concrete implementations of these algorithms in <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2022/03/geoframe-essentials.html" target="_blank">Java/OMS/GEOframe</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Another aspect to consider is the implementation of these algorithms in informatics. Concepts related to this can be found in parts of Tubini's thesis and the related papers, especially Tubini and Rigon, 2022.</div><div><br /></div><div>Finally, as a source of information, all of these models' open-source codes can be found on GitHub, both for the older<a href="https://geotopmodel.github.io/geotop/" target="_blank"> GEOtop</a> and the more recent <a href="https://github.com/geoframecomponents" target="_blank">GEOframe model components</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>References</div><div><br /></div><div>Casulli, V. 2017. <i><a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/ncr1qw" target="_blank">Advanced Numerical Methods for Free-Surface Hydrodynamics</a></i>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Casulli, Vincenzo, and ZANOLLI. 2010. “<a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/sq7nrr" target="_blank">A Nested Newton-Type Algorithm for Finite Colume Methods Solving Richards’ Equation in Mixed Form.</a>” <i>SIAM Journal of Scientific Computing</i> 32 (4): 2225–73.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Dall’Amico, Matteo. 2010. “Coupled Water and Heat Transfer in Permafrost Modeling.” Edited by Riccardo Rigon and Stephan Gruber. Phd, University of Trento. <a href="http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/335/">http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/335/</a>.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Dall’Amico, M., S. Endrizzi, S. Gruber, and R. Rigon. 2011. “A Robust and Energy-Conserving Model of Freezing Variably-Saturated Soil.” <i>The Cryosphere</i>. <a href="https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/5/469/2011/">https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/5/469/2011/</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Endrizzi, Stefano. 2007. “Snow Cover Modelling at a Local and Distributed Scale over Complex Terrain.” <i>Ph.D. Thesis</i>, January, 1–189.</div><div><br /></div><div>Endrizzi, S., S. Gruber, M. Dall’Amico, and R. Rigon. 2014. “GEOtop 2.0: Simulating the Combined Energy and Water Balance at and below the Land Surface Accounting for Soil Freezing, Snow Cover and Terrain Effects.” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i> 7 (6): 2831–57. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2831-2014">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2831-2014</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Tubini, N. 2021, June. “<a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/jV6Ezx">Theoretical and Numerical Tools for Studying the Critical Zone from Plots to Catchments</a>.” Edited by R. Rigon and S. Gruber. Ph.D., Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Meccanica, Università di Trento.</div><div><br /></div><div>Tubini, Niccolò, Stephan Gruber, and Riccardo Rigon. 2021. “A Method for Solving Heat Transfer with Phase Change in Ice or Soil That Allows for Large Time Steps While Guaranteeing Energy Conservation.” <i>The Cryosphere</i> 15 (6): 2541–68. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2541-2021">https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2541-2021</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Tubini, Niccolò, and Riccardo Rigon. 2022. “Implementing the Water, HEat and Transport Model in GEOframe (WHETGEO-1D v.1.0): Algorithms, Informatics, Design Patterns, Open Science Features, and 1D Deployment.” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i> 15 (1): 75–104. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-75-2022.">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-75-2022.</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-7960495760698298492024-02-01T14:28:00.031+01:002024-03-17T19:25:44.797+01:00Hydrological modelling 2024<p></p><div><b>Welcome to the 2024 Hydrological modelling class. To understand better what is below: </b></div><div><ul><li>A <b>storyboard</b> is a summary, usually in Italian, of the lecture</li><li>A<b> whiteboard</b> is an explanation of a particular topic made on the whiteboard (using Notability on the iPad)</li><li><b>Slides </b>are commented in English (since 2021)</li><li><b>Videos </b>are available to comment the slides. They are usually recorded during the lectures with no editing at all (which would be too much time expensive). 2024 Videos are uploaded to a Vimeo <a href="https://vimeo.com/showcase/10991295" target="_blank">Showcase that can be found here</a>. </li><li><i>Additional information <i>(only for the brave or the curious) </i>and references are in italics</i></li></ul></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkd1g7oJ7E58JUwziW122483Kj4KkxgWrAKXgAqpsO964rqgGgcy_G67H4P5kiVfMSCi7kkoLsB944mzbGkdcyyhLAlk4u4O6w3jT503UDLDEfrCgmiIl7zBU-krscPxMRzMzjp670D9GRLMfv213Vy0TbjFaEmQMXoDgtGPJsYqFGrFRQFcs502nvcJU/s3003/Arazzo-deYoungMuseum-SF.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1403" data-original-width="3003" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkd1g7oJ7E58JUwziW122483Kj4KkxgWrAKXgAqpsO964rqgGgcy_G67H4P5kiVfMSCi7kkoLsB944mzbGkdcyyhLAlk4u4O6w3jT503UDLDEfrCgmiIl7zBU-krscPxMRzMzjp670D9GRLMfv213Vy0TbjFaEmQMXoDgtGPJsYqFGrFRQFcs502nvcJU/w606-h284/Arazzo-deYoungMuseum-SF.jpg" width="606" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>2023-02-19 - I </b>- Syllabus - Introduction 2 Hydrological Modelling </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Here I introduced the class. Its learning by doing philosophy (altered by the necessity due to COVID-19 times that impose to do first the all the theoretical parts and subsequently all the practical parts hoping that they can be done in presence). </i></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/9x5fa/" target="_blank">The real start </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915507984?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li> (<a href="(Vimeo 2021)" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/knpzy/" target="_blank">Prerequistes </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915508028?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024 - I</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/915508082?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024-II</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/515291611" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/681448723" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/803473678" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li></ul><li>Methods (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915508082?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/915508111?share=copy" target="_blank">II</a>)</li><ul><li> <a href="https://vimeo.com/803473778" target="_blank">Vimeo2023 III</a></li><li> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/user107335954/download/515291728/2466e45a4c" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/681448897" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/eu4yh/" target="_blank">How you will be graded </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915508147?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/user107335954/download/515291728/2466e45a4c" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/681448951" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/803473803" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/qk5rn/">The Topics </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915508178?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/803473715" target="_blank">Vimeo2023 II</a></li><li>(from a general point of view) (<a href="https://vimeo.com/user107335954/review/395173802/bf867674e9">Vimeo Video 2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/515291657" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/681448798" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li></ul></ul><i style="text-align: left;">To begin is also worth to have a little (philosophical) analysis of what a model is. This is what done in the following parte of the lecture</i><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/6gmwy" target="_blank">Models in Science</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915630506?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024</a>)</li></ul></div><b><div style="text-align: left;"><b>2024-02-22 - </b><b>Geomorphometry </b><b> </b>- Discussion of previous lesson topics. The rational of introducing these concepts is that catchments are spatially extended and in this course we are interested to deal with catchments hydrology. </div></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>In this first part we deal with the geometrical (differential) characteristics of the topography. Elevations, slopes, curvatures. They will be necessary later to extract the river network and the parts of a catchment.</i></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>In this class we define also what the drainage directions are and how they are computed in the case of DEMs (a topography discretized over a regular grid). From drainage directions are determined the total contributing areas in each point of a DEM. These two characteristics are eventually used to determine the channels head and extract the river network<b>. </b>In turn, the extraction of the channel network allows for the extraction of hillslope and a first definition of the Hydrologic Response Units (HRU). </i></div><ul></ul></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Introduction to Geomorphometry I:</li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/wb46z/" target="_blank">A little of vocabulary</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/517162731" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>)</li><li>Data (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915630679?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/ezcj4/" target="_blank">The basics of DEM analysis</a> (All the differential geometry-derived quantities)</li><ul><li> Elevation, Slopes, (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915630734?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><li> Curvatures (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915630861?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><li>Old videos: <a href="https://vimeo.com/803473873" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023 - Part I</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/804888098" target="_blank">Vime</a><a href="https://vimeo.com/804888098" target="_blank">o_2023-Part II</a>, Vimeo 2023 <a href="https://vimeo.com/804888158" target="_blank">Curvatures</a>), <a href="https://vimeo.com/681976349" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022 part I</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/681976663" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022, part II</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/515291833" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/WioRy90j3l8">YouTube video 2019</a>,<a href="https://youtu.be/eNUA6YbckRc">YouTube2020</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/Ult5I1-zM7M">Sintesi in Italiano 2020</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/cewj5/" target="_blank">Hydrogeomorphology: the derived quantities</a>, drainage directions and contributing areas (<a href="https://vimeo.com/916726734?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024</a>) </li><ul><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/804888209" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/681976784" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/517162630" target="_blank">Vimeo2021,</a> <a href="https://youtu.be/j1hEkNgBi2w">YouTube video 2019</a>,<a href="https://youtu.be/r8cKeB0iPEI">YouTube2020</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/6BtzKn7IwIw">Sintesi in Italiano</a> 2020)</li><li style="text-align: left;">On the estimation of tangential stresses in a curved topography (<a href="https://vimeo.com/398270216">Whiteboard 2020</a>)</li></ul><li>References for who wants to go deeper</li><ul><ul><li style="text-align: left;">Peckham, R. J., and G. Jordan. 2007. <i><i><a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/Z6GUqR">Digital Terrain Modelling</a></i>: Development and Applications in a Policy Support Environment</i>. Edited by Robert Joseph Peckham and Gyozo Jordan. New York: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Lecture Notes In Geoinformation and Cartography.</li></ul></ul><li>A <a href="https://youtu.be/UaWIuhopvzE">Storyboard Italian</a> regarding the geomorphic laws</li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><div><b>2024-02-26</b></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/517162681" target="_blank">Where do channels begin</a>: <a href="https://osf.io/a49ke/">Extracting channels and hillslope</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/916726914?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/684284432" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/804888278" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><li>Old classes: <a href="https://youtu.be/UrJeYzgF-RQ">YouTubeVideo 2020 b</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/XbxZl4WG_M4">Sintesi in Italiano 2020</a></li><li>Old a little different but useful material: <a href="https://osf.io/r7mbe/">extracting the hillslope</a> (<a href="https://youtu.be/O_tm6l8RJHE">YouTube Video 2019</a>,<a href="https://youtu.be/8tCsE1iUvoQ">YouTube2020</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2024/01/mapping-and-modeling-flowing-network.html" target="_blank">Channel heads move</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/916727065?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/4c56k/" target="_blank">A brief overview about geomorphic laws regarding the river networks and catchments</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/916727098?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>). </li><ul><li>Old Classes: <a href="https://vimeo.com/517162765" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/684284496" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a></li></ul><li>Additional information and references</li><ul><li><i>Part of the above but presented in a different way. Topological classification of catchments elements: </i></li><ul><li><i>Horton-Strahler Ordering (<a href="https://youtu.be/XRwVcXnv61g">Whiteboard2020</a>); </i></li><li><i>Pfafstetter (<a href="https://youtu.be/ekAdFmuXE74">Whiteboard2020</a>; <a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/xhQOT7">an alternative presentation here</a>) and </i></li><li><i>other ordering schemes (<a href="https://youtu.be/m-LfS5yq1KI">Whiteboard 2020 here</a>).</i></li></ul><li><i>Rigon, Riccardo, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe, Amos Maritan, Achille Giacometti, David G. Tarboton, and Andrea Rinaldo. 1996. “<a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/DX7ZXF">On Hack’s Law</a>.” Water Resources Research 32 (11): 3367–74.</i></li><li><i>Detecting the human landscape (please try to read and summarize the main concepts): </i><i>Cao, Wenfang, Giulia Sofia, and Paolo Tarolli. 2020. “<a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/bVZJBT">Geomorphometric Characterisation of Natural and Anthropogenic Land Covers</a>.” Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 7 (1): 2.</i></li></ul><li><i>Other references:</i></li><ul><li><a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2015/03/introduzione-alla-geomorfologia.html"><i>Older classes in Italian </i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2015/03/introduzione-alla-geomorfologia.html"><i>Geomorphology with References</i></a></li><li><a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-paper-on-horton-machine.html"><i>Various information from the AboutHydrology Blog</i></a></li><li><i>R.Rigon, E. Ghesla, C. Tiso and A. Cozzini, <a href="http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ing.unitn.it%2Fdica%2Ftools%2Fdownload%2FQuaderni%2FHorton%2520manual.pdf&ei=Ol9kUOy6LY7T4QTY04HoAg&usg=AFQjCNFNmBXL0AyjmBuQTiPuDvFXU1mgag&sig2=3VmizZkI4nX17BJ7XKpCUw">The Horton Machine</a>, pg. viii, 136, ISBN 10:88-8443-147-6, University of Trento, 2006</i></li><li><i>W. Abera, A. Antonello, S. Franceschi, G. Formetta, R Rigon , "<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262416890_The_uDig_Spatial_Toolbox_for_hydro-geomorphic_analysis">The uDig Spatial Toolbox for hydro-geomorphic analysis</a>" in Geomorphological Techniques, v. 4, n. 1 (2014), p. 1-19</i></li></ul></ul><div>Q&A<b> - </b></div><div><b><a href="https://vimeo.com/405045590" target="_blank">Multiple choice questions about Geomorphology </a></b><b>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/808773674" target="_blank">Comment in English 2023)</a> </b></div><b></b><div><b><a href="https://vimeo.com/405045590" target="_blank">Multiple choice questions about Geomorphology in Italian</a> </b><b>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/686762532" target="_blank">Comment in English)</a> </b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div><b>2024-02-29 - Interpolations </b></div><div><i>This lecture, assuming that now you have at least the concepts of what a catchment is and theoretically you know how to extract it and subdivide it in parts, deals with the data to feed catchments hydrology models. Because catchments have a spatial distribution, then also the driving data must be distributed. <u>We need therefore methods of interpolation. </u></i></div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Getting the sense of what we are doing (<a href="https://vimeo.com/686762565" target="_blank">Vimeo2022)</a></li><li>Hydrological data (<a href="https://youtu.be/Lz8ajm_7LOk">Storyboard2020 in Italian</a>)</li><li><a href="https://youtu.be/Cc_sdaz6_pc">To which data are we interested in and where can we find them</a> ? (In English)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/93vg5/">Ground data and their interpolation</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921457910?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/686762607" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/518220647" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/927m2cHY2no">Zoom2020</a> </li><li>Thiessen Polygons (<a href="https://youtu.be/-hoUBhg-K68">Storyboard2020 in Italian</a>)</li><li>Inverse distance Weighting (<a href="https://youtu.be/QqXd1dyO-Fg">Storyboard 2020 in Italian</a>)</li></ul><li>Introduction to Kriging Theory:</li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/qkbva/" target="_blank">Summary</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921458794?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/518220764" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/686762645" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a></li></ul><li>Building the system to solve ( <a href="https://youtu.be/bLcINYttXLA">Storyboard 2020</a>), </li><li><a href="https://osf.io/rzfdh/" target="_blank">the Kriging's equations </a>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/921459079?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a> part1, <a href="https://vimeo.com/921459278?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a> part 2)</li><ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/okN5aN_nwH0">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/518225749" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/mTZ3nwkDbus">YouTube2020</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/d0x4stufDPQ">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/686762686" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/806495164" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a></li></ul></ul></ul><div><b>2024-03-04 - Interpolations part II. </b></div><div><ul><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/689340690" target="_blank">Where do we stand (at the blackboard</a> , <a href="https://vimeo.com/921683543?share=copy">Whiteboard2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/urmpx/">Variography</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921683919?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li> <a href="https://youtu.be/puDUNxVQzvI">Storyboard 2020</a>, </li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hq-ai-ltOo">YouTube video 2019, </a><a href="https://youtu.be/Ks_xRxanKkQ">YouTubeVideo2020</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/m-f3p0xbw5I">YouTube2020b</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/518220826" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/689340839" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/806495314" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a></li></ul></ul></ul></div><div><i>In this class we try to understand how to estimate the errors over the estimates. Besides we introduce a method (the Normal Score) to avoid to obtain negative values when positive interpolated values are required.</i></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/8msbp/">Catching the errors of estimates</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921685096?share=copy">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/8msbp/"> </a><a href="https://vimeo.com/806495622" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/689340937" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a></li><li><a href="https://youtu.be/5T9fpWcsQjs">Storyboard2020 in Italian</a>,</li><li> <a href="https://youtu.be/aHoRlL9w7a4">Zoom2020</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/b32je/">Flow chart and Various types of Kriging</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921684280?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/uATC2IUlWRE">Storyboard in Italian 2020</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/4Cc3UwcWaDU">Zoom2020</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/hnp2y/" target="_blank">The Normal score </a>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/806495761" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/689340937" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li></ul><li>Some tools available in OMS3 (<a href="https://vimeo.com/689340898" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li></ul><li><i>Additional material: </i></li><ul><li><a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2018/04/on-spatial-interpolation.html"><i>Old videos and Material in Italian</i></a></li><li><i><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2015/09/rainfall-and-temperature-interpolation.html">Rainfall and Temperature interpolation for hydrologist</a>.</i></li></ul><li><i>References:</i></li><ul><li><i>Marialaura Bancheri, Francesco Serafin, Michele Bottazzi, Wuletawu Abera, Giuseppe Formetta, and Riccardo Rigon, The design, deployment, and testing of kriging models in GEOframe with SIK-0.9.8, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2189–2207, 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2189-2018">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2189-2018</a></i></li><li><i>Andràs Bardossy, <a href="https://osf.io/6jzpn/">Introduction to Geostatistics</a>, year unknown.</i></li><li><i>Goovaerts, P. (1997). <a href="https://osf.io/swzm8/">Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation</a> (pp. 1–488). New York : Oxford University Press.</i></li><li><i>P.K. Kitanidis,<a href="https://osf.io/t2sjf/"> Introduction to GEOstatistics</a>, 1997 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511626166">https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511626166</a></i></li><li><i>Mitas, Lubos, and Helena Mitasova. 1999. “<a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/5iDBrW">Spatial Interpolation.</a>” Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Management and Applications 1 (2). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.224.5959&rep=rep1&t</i>ype=pdf.</li><li>G. Raspa, <a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/d0ckvW">Dispense di Geostatistica Applicata</a>, Università di Roma 3, 2010</li></ul></ul><div>Q&A<b> - </b></div><div><b>Spatial Interpolation (Vimeo2023)</b></div><div><b><a href="https://vimeo.com/406117970" target="_blank">Spatial Interpolation</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/692266187" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>)</b></div></div></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div><b> Hydrological Models. This is a class about hydrological models, so what are they ?</b></div><div><br /></div><div><i>The title is self-explanatory. A theoretical approach to modelling is necessary because we have to frame properly our action when we jump from the laws of physics to the laws of hydrology. Making hydrology we do not have to forget physics but for getting usable models we have to do appropriate simplifications and distorsions. The type of model we will use in the course are those in the tradition are called lumped models. Here we also introduce a graphical tool to represent these models.</i><br /><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/520833935" target="_blank">Today's storyboard</a> <a href="https://vimeo.com/520836918" target="_blank">(here in Italian</a>)</li></ul><b>2024-03-06-Hydrological Models </b></div><div><br /></div><div><i>For old material give a look to <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-hydrological-modelling-class-2023_15.html" target="_blank">Hydrological Modelling 2023</a></i></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/xq879" target="_blank">Catchment processes</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921686011?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/weq9j" target="_blank">Hydrological Models</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921687042?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/3jc74" target="_blank">Seven steps in hydrological modelling I: clarifying the purposes, geomorphology, pre-analysis of input data</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921687537?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li></ul><div><b>2024-03-11</b></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/y65ng/" target="_blank">Integral Distributed Model</a> or Hydrological Dynamical Systems, HDSys (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921965393?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/398264898">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/520952924" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/689696850" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/807526372" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/qt6ef/" target="_blank">The representation of Hydrological Dynamical System</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921967612?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/398267423">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/520952969" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/689696940" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/807526609" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/x534t" target="_blank">Seven steps in hydrological modelling II: setup, model calibration/execution/validation</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921967632?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/ek3vb" target="_blank">Seven steps in hydrological modelling III: delivery the results, final deployment to stakeholders</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/921967644?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li></ul><div><b>2024-03-18</b></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/ynvqm" target="_blank">DARTHs </a>(Digital Twins of Earth System)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/snpmy" target="_blank">A new way to do models</a></li><li><div>A final view on Hydrological Dynamical Systems and their application to catchments.</div><ul><li>Hypothesis testing in Hydrological Modelling with HDSys (<a href="https://vimeo.com/529415905" target="_blank">At the whiteboard</a>)</li></ul></li><li><i>Further readings: <a href="https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/hs/2020/04/01/on-modelers-and-modeling/" target="_blank">a blogpost from EGU</a></i></li></ul><div><div><b> Linear Models for HRUs</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><i>Once we have grasped the main general (and generic) ideas, we try to draw the simplest systems. They turn out to be analytically solvable, and we derive their solutions carefully. From the group of linear systems springs out the Nash model, whose derivation is performed. Obviously, it remains the problem to understand how much the models can describe "reality". However, this an issue we leave for future investigations.</i></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/rc2wd/" target="_blank">The very simplest linear system</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/810454225" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/692266219" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/522868047" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a></li><li>Derivation of the solution of the linear reservoir</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/810454244" target="_blank">Blackboard2023</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/522868132" target="_blank">Whiteboard2021</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/de/linear.aspx" target="_blank">Same derivation as above but from a different source</a> and treated in a general way</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/h672q/" target="_blank">Getting new features to the linear systems</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/810454645" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/692266344">Vimeo 2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/522868231" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a></li></ul></ul><ul><li>Summarizing the previous class results at the blackboard(<a href="https://vimeo.com/692272799" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/kmpt4/" target="_blank">The Nash model</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/810992299" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/692272849" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/522868322" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a></li><li>A trick for doing the double integration in the Nash Hydrograph derivation (<a href="https://vimeo.com/810992343" target="_blank">Blackboard2023</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/692272900" target="_blank">Blackboard2022</a>, Vimeo <a href="https://vimeo.com/522868401" target="_blank">Whiteboard 2021</a>)</li></ul></ul><b> A little more on the IUH and looking at the variety of HDSys models</b><br /><div><b><br /></b></div><div><i>We introduced previously without very much digging into it the concept of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph. Here we explain more deeply its properties, Then we observe that there are issues related to the partition of fluxes and we discuss some simple models for obtaining them. Not rocket science here. The concept that we need those tools is more important than the tools themselves. We also observe that linearity is not satisfactory and we give a reference to many non linear models. Finally we discuss an implementation of some of the discussed concepts in the System GEOframe. </i></div><ul><li><a href="2021 03 15" target="_blank">The storyboard</a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/8dr2u/" target="_blank">The IUH classic</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/810992444" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/692272956" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/523767885" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>)</li></ul><li>Summarizing the previous class (<a href="https://vimeo.com/694463499" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li><li>The issue of runoff generation, </li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/tp5qf/" target="_blank">the SCS</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/810992478" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/694463574" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/tp5qf/" target="_blank"> </a>In Italian: <a href="https://vimeo.com/523768025" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a></li><li>Why SCS is actually not a good choice for continuous simulations</li></ul></ul></ul><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/ar8cm/" target="_blank">the Hymod model</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/813455333" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/692273012" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/523768181" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/gf8hp/" target="_blank">ERM-I</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/813455410" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li> <a href="https://vimeo.com/694463636" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vime2022</a></li><li>In Italian: <a href="https://vimeo.com/500036168" target="_blank">Vimeo2021-I,</a> <a href="https://vimeo.com/526927993" target="_blank">Vimeo2021-II</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/aeknb/" target="_blank">ERM-II</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/813455555" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/694463695" target="_blank">Vime2022</a></li><li>In Italian: <a href="https://vimeo.com/500391746" target="_blank">Vimeo2021-I</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/526928080" target="_blank">Vimeo2021-II</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/xfdm8/" target="_blank">Simplified snow models<b> </b></a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/813455681" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/697387692" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/406121713" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/527357864" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a></li></ul></ul><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/527357668" target="_blank">A summary of previous lectures </a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/xbeud/" target="_blank">MaRRmot survey of models</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/697387573" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/12/2463/2019/gmd-12-2463-2019-supplement.pdf" target="_blank">MaRRmot supplemental material</a></li><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/523768277" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a></li><li><br /></li></ul><li><b>A little about models calibration</b></li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/vke58/" target="_blank">Generalities</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/704525908" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/405022336" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/527358290" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>)</li><li></li></ul></ul></ul><div></div></div></div></div></div><b></b></div></div></div><p></p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-85417163132712564692024-02-01T14:18:00.006+01:002024-03-12T23:35:24.186+01:00Hydrology 2024 lab<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p><i>The lab is almost half of the class. According to the motto "learning by doing" it covers at least three numerical experiments:</i></p><p></p><ul><li><i>Some elaborations with time series</i></li><li><i>The estimation of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves</i></li><li><i>A few experiments with infiltration</i></li><li><i>A few experiments with evaporation and transpiration </i></li></ul><p></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig90iqudWXgfb2dJBVAlb1_-W_DIQFO9QVsHombVPJc-Uk8C24GVHPMRFO0Krgdy2G3kvaY0RbGNU8g0LTxEps39xkVST2SmHIJMrd7_pz0aw4RpUNE-kG4ZLxaKQXfYfub0nCZCmKtHNT-MvEdw8B6lQuUi-ZFa7OvHY4_PLJvV0G21hEry299s_yw_o/s3024/IMG_1485.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig90iqudWXgfb2dJBVAlb1_-W_DIQFO9QVsHombVPJc-Uk8C24GVHPMRFO0Krgdy2G3kvaY0RbGNU8g0LTxEps39xkVST2SmHIJMrd7_pz0aw4RpUNE-kG4ZLxaKQXfYfub0nCZCmKtHNT-MvEdw8B6lQuUi-ZFa7OvHY4_PLJvV0G21hEry299s_yw_o/s320/IMG_1485.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <b>2023-03-04 </b><i>Introduction to working with Jupyter and Notebooks</i><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> A little introduction to Jupyter Notebook by Concetta D'Amato (<a href="https://youtu.be/vEMkkkYsgl0" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">YouTube2020</a><span style="text-align: center;">,</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><a href="https://osf.io/3w26z/" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">Data</a><span style="text-align: center;">). </span></li><li><span style="text-align: center;">A little of introduction</span></li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/523er" target="_blank">Elementary operations</a> </li><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/922576389?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a> part1</li><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/922576436?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a> part2</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/zkdf2/">Reading a CSV file with PANDAS</a> </li><ul><li>The Class Notebook I</li><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/922576420?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/u8axd/">Pluviometria Paperopoli</a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/awuep" target="_blank">Noteboo</a>k</li><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/810458530" target="_blank"> Vimeo2023</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/683178385" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/522467575" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ct5w3ctpzEQ">YouTubeLive 2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/5arjFhekeoI" target="_blank">YouTubeVideo2020</a></li></ul><li>Reading an Excel File </li><ul><li>The Class Notebook II</li><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/922576450?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/810458583" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/zuybk" target="_blank">Data </a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/tehvu" target="_blank">Notebook</a></li></ul></ul><div><div><b>2024-03-12</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Reading a timeseries of daily rainfall organized in a Table whose rows contains the days and columns different years </li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/4u79n/" target="_blank">Data </a>(Daily Precipitation od San Martino di Castrozza from 1921 to 1990)</li><li>Notebooks:</li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/tf6re/" target="_blank">Reading the Data and creating a PANDAS time series </a></li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/pm98c" target="_blank">The Class Notebook I</a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/wnrqh" target="_blank">The Class Notebook II</a></li><li>The Class Notebook III</li></ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/922683099?share=copy">Vimeo 2024 part I</a> , <a href="https://vimeo.com/922689515?share=copy">Vimeo 2024 part II</a></li><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/810461298" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023 Part I</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/810461592" target="_blank">Vimeo2023 Part II</a>)</li><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/685759240" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a> PartI, <a href="https://vimeo.com/688276386" target="_blank">Vimeo2022 Part II</a>)</li></ul></ul></ul><ul><li>Same thing as above (<a href="https://vimeo.com/691923816" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li><li>Chat GPT use suggestions (<a href="https://vimeo.com/922688545?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/47nzy/" target="_blank">Grouping the data by year</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/691924610" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/nsqe9/" target="_blank">A better plot of the time series</a> </li><li><a href="https://osf.io/ghked/" target="_blank">Monthly mean precipitation</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/691925213" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li></ul><ul><li>Counting the events and producing their empirical statistics (<a href="https://vimeo.com/693516333" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li></ul><div><br /></div><div><i>Interpolating the Gumbel distribution </i>to annual precipitation maxima</div></div><div><ul><li>with using the mean and the variance (<a href="https://osf.io/agfd8" target="_blank">Notebook</a>, Vimeo2023)</li><li>with the maximum likelihood (<a href="https://osf.io/8jydf" target="_blank">Notebook</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/812682034" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><li>with the minimum square methods (<a href="https://osf.io/n3p46" target="_blank">Notebook</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/812682241" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><li>Il test di Pearson (<a href="https://osf.io/zwdqh" target="_blank">Notebook</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/812682306" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><li>Finally interpolating the curves (<a href="https://osf.io/2f4dw" target="_blank">Notebook,</a> <a href="https://vimeo.com/814381895" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li></ul></div></div><p></p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-6679461108347843592024-02-01T14:12:00.014+01:002024-03-12T11:04:34.207+01:00Hydrology 2024<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The Course of Hydrology 2024 will be 90% similar to last year class with minor modifications. Indication of tools used etc can be found at the <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-hydrology-class-2023-index.html" target="_blank">2023 Index</a> (3 minutes reading). Here you'll find the material of the classes including slides, old and new videos. Hydrology is an exciting field since water is so important for life and human activities. <a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hydrology/" target="_blank">Here a brief introduction from a National Geographics post</a>. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Companion of this post il the laboratory page on which you find material for your exercises. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2024/02/hydrology-2024-lab.html" target="_blank">Lab page is at this link.</a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA_1b4HC9gc2_xxas67eNxuncYaidtvYBrZxre1H0FmCDfxaR4U1Vd8iUqgBfUGGCBOzRag64tAAy7rYG0pCpbPwdQbsMazzUduM3urbeg4lv-L8nbRdrxR1RCpKgHiB16d7vBoMktWYatJl8etLYPnqKQn75dxTRnjoYQgmFLZH58bufZxZyXRRik76s/s4032/IMG_1245.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA_1b4HC9gc2_xxas67eNxuncYaidtvYBrZxre1H0FmCDfxaR4U1Vd8iUqgBfUGGCBOzRag64tAAy7rYG0pCpbPwdQbsMazzUduM3urbeg4lv-L8nbRdrxR1RCpKgHiB16d7vBoMktWYatJl8etLYPnqKQn75dxTRnjoYQgmFLZH58bufZxZyXRRik76s/w314-h419/IMG_1245.jpeg" width="314" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div><b>Classes and related material</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>You can find:</div><div><div><ul><li>S<b>toryboards</b> is a summary, usually in Italian, of the lecture</li><li><b>Whiteboard</b> is an explanation of a particular topic made on the whiteboard (using Notability on the iPad)</li><li><b>Slides </b>are commented in English</li><li><b>Videos </b>are available to comment the slides. They are usually recorded during the lectures with no editing at all (which would be too much time expensive). 2024 Videos are uploaded to a Vimeo <a href="https://vimeo.com/showcase/10991331" target="_blank">Showcase that can be found here</a>. </li><li><i>Additional information <i>(only for the brave or the curious) </i>and references are in italics</i></li></ul></div><div></div></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>19 Febbraio 2024 - <b>- Introduction to the course and to hydrology</b></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/5p4vz" target="_blank">Syllabus </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915514313?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="(Vimeo2022)" target="_blank">Vimeo202</a>3, <a href="https://vimeo.com/515743168" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>); </li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/tr4s2" target="_blank">A very short introduction to hydrology </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915514430?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/802791048" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/680178049" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2021/02/the-hydrology-class-2021-schedule.html" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/poPRLsN7GuY">YouTube2020</a>,<a href="https://youtu.be/qEif3OY5d-0">YouTube 2019</a> </li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/wh8v3/" target="_blank">Mass & Energy budgets </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915514483?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/802791105" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/680178286" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,,<a href="https://vimeo.com/515743244" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/cTGuB70ASVE">YouTube 2019</a>,Y<a href="https://youtu.be/CnU18VlLtQI">ouTube2020</a></li></ul><li>A short Lab introductions. <a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2022/02/the-hydrology-class-2022-lab-page.html" target="_blank">Go to the installation page</a> or (<a href="https://vimeo.com/680178402" target="_blank">look at here for a short video summary</a>)</li></ul><div>Complementary References</div><div><ul><li>Blöschl, Günter. 2022. “<a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/Dq5CpU" target="_blank">Flood Generation: Process Patterns from the Raindrop to the Ocean.</a>” https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-2.</li></ul></div><div><div><b>2023-02-20 - Ground based Precipitations and their statistics Separation snow-rainfall - measure of precipitation</b></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>In this part of the class we describe where it rains and how much it rains using statistical concept. One important objective is to understand what are the extreme precipitations for their importance in engineering. </i><br /><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/516698419" target="_blank">The storyboard of the lecture (on Vimeo)</a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/295m3/" target="_blank">A general overview </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915514562?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2024</a>)</li><ul><li> <a href="https://vimeo.com/manage/videos#" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/680483041" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/517062340" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/lLtLyzgX5F8">YouTube2020</a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/72rhj/">A general (old) overview</a> (<a href="https://youtu.be/QtkKGpqO6YU">YouTube2019</a>) - </li></ul><li><i><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2015/09/snow-vs-rain-separation.html">Separation rainfall-snowfall</a> (optional)</i></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/3uxek/" target="_blank">Statistics of ground precipitations</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/915514690?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2024 I</a>, Vimeo 2024 II)</li><ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/KtbZpYX_LBQ">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/gIWuOISFQq0">YouTube2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/517062393" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/680483228" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a> <a href="https://vimeo.com/803485060" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a></li></ul></ul><div><div><div><b>2024-02-26 - </b><b>2024-02-27 - Statistics of extreme precipitations</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b> Some reviews on statistics - Return Period</b></div><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/518598271" target="_blank">Whiteboard (2021) on statistics</a></li><li>A little on exploratory statistics <a href="https://vimeo.com/683177901" target="_blank">on the blackboard (2022)</a></li><li><a href="https://youtu.be/nmVmPTKW6uY">Whiteboard (2020) on Lognormal distribution</a></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/7g9sj/">Return period</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/806494319" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/683178070" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/519856352" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/futuw5WyGF0">Zoom2020</a></li><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/806494422" target="_blank">Outliers </a></li><li><i><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2017/10/return-period_25.html">Further readings</a></i></li></ul><li>On the difference among risk and hazard (rischio e pericolo) <a href="https://vimeo.com/519856319" target="_blank">Whiteboard2021</a>.</li></ul></div><div><b>Extreme precipitations</b> (<a href="https://youtu.be/10QcPL0-P_I">Storyboard2020</a>)</div><div><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/nj5u2/">Intensity duration Frequency curves</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/520586647" target="_blank">Whiteboard2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/806494590" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/683178152" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/Zj55vqCGXX4">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/-4WFuQT18L4">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/519856378" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, </li></ul></ul><div>Distributions <a href="https://youtu.be/p2lmssrVl9c">Storyboard2020</a></div><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/c7jae/">Gumbel distribution for extremes</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/806494712" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><ul><li> <a href="https://vimeo.com/683178229" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/SwCDSUY6GL8">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/OJcvH8HgpLI">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/519856410" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,</li></ul></ul><div><b><br /></b></div><b>Determination of Gumbel's parameters</b><br /><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/mg5ds/">Moment</a>s method (<a href="https://vimeo.com/917211515?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/806494811" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/683178319" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="https://youtu.be/-fBMddcmVpQ">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/519856439" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,</li></ul></ul><div>Extreme precipitations II</div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/rsz67/">Maximum likelihood</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920618424?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/JPfjnap4nqA">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/Xv_ZyrXPjik">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/521406684" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/683438191" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/807631324" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/k4s3g/">Minimi quadrati</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920940277?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>) </li><ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/WX5gaV3hZ2k">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/kE-zJhGQ4Fg">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/521406605" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/683438353" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/807631453" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/exq45/">Test di Pearsons/Chi square</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920944196?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>) </li><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5WTVW1wfZ8">YouTube 2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/WzwxTI_FswY">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/521406751" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/683438400" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/807631486" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a></li></ul><li>Summary (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920965779?share=copy">Whiteboard2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/522467144" target="_blank">Whiteboard2021</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/cdpmg/">More formal on Pearson's Chi square</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920950386?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLq1bDKKD7M">YouTube 2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/I_As6yqpHT8">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/683438480" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/807631504" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a></li></ul></ul><b>2024-03-05</b> -Beyond Gumbel</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A review of the previous classes (<a href="https://vimeo.com/809152656">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/37uk9/">Generalised extreme value distribution</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920970128?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZE1RDEuBvO4&t=2s">YouTube 2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/5bjl98ZSqbA">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/522467407">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/683438623">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/809152714">Vimeo 2023</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/ux6z3/">Metastatistical Extreme Value</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920971955?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/vSZVQmgSDOA">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/522467496">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/685758886">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/809152755">Vimeo 2023</a></li></ul><li>Following lesson storyboard (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920974775?share=copy">Whiteboard2024</a>)</li></ul>A summary about the extreme precipitation estimations (<a href="https://vimeo.com/524286140">Whiteboard</a>)<br /><br /><b>Water in soil and aquifers </b></div><div> (<a href="https://youtu.be/0gU0E2OEE2U">Storyboard2020</a>)<br /><blockquote><i>Once precipitations arrive to the ground surface they either infiltrate or generate runoff. We first state how they infiltrate and, actually how water behave in the soil and in the ground. We talk about the complexity of the Earth surface that contains life and call it, the Critical Zone. To study infiltration we introduce the Darcy and Richards equations of which we explain the characteristics.</i></blockquote><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/hc5dr/">Soils</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/920977758?share=copy">Vimeo2024</a>) </li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/809152850">Vimeo 2023</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/772320474">Vimeo2022_2</a> <a href="https://vimeo.com/685758932">Vimeo 2022</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/524286319">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RD3wHzpy6xA&t=25s">YouTube 2017</a>,<a href="https://youtu.be/tFm_2mUceZg">YouTube2018</a>,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8S-MVBM75A&t=6s">YouTube 2019</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/b4v5x/">Texture and Structure of soils</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/809152968">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/772320593">Vimeo2022_2</a> <a href="https://vimeo.com/685759094">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/524286457">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4dBnm5Nc0k&t=19s">YouTube 2017</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/2GhA-WA_7-g">YouTube2018</a>,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMbQPlVsIDg">YouTube 2019</a></li><li>Textbook: Freeze and Cherry: <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.5">Groundwater, section 2.8</a></li></ul></ul><div><div><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/9wkxh/">Aquifers</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/814382196" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KjDMXxuYKk">YouTube 2019</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/524286559" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/685865743" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/772320660" target="_blank">Vimeo2022_2</a></li><li>Textbook: Freeze and Cherry: <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.7">Groundwater, section 2.7</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/hsvw3/">Definitions</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/814900827" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snVZK2UsN8U&t=77s">YouTube 2017</a>,<a href="https://youtu.be/_M_eFgLQcks">YouTube2018</a>,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15L68GkXvZo">YouTube 2019</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/524286684" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/685759187" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/772320702" target="_blank">Vimeo2022_2</a></li></ul></ul><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/2f7mq/">Darcy-Buckingham law</a> </li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/eqzg9" target="_blank">Heuristic reasons for assuming that a Darcy like laws is valid also in the unsaturated case</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/814382342" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>) </li><li>Darcy (<a href="https://vimeo.com/814382258" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSmYi8gm2Kc">YouTube 2019</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/526587598">Vimeo 2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/685865810" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/772320775" target="_blank">Vimeo2022_2</a>)</li><li>Textbook: Freeze and Cherry, <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.1">Groundwater, section 2.1</a> and <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.12">section 2.12</a></li></ul><li>Buckingham (<a href="https://vimeo.com/685865884" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li><li><i>Old Material</i></li><ul><li><i>All together (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vw7ubXgIFJE&t=37s">YouTube 2017</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/onVqPDLiL70">YouTube2018</a>)</i></li><li><i>Buckingham (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V07wvSbFqHw">YouTube 2019</a>, <a href="http://2020-03-20/" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/526587237" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>)</i></li></ul></ul></ul><ul><li>Complementary reading: Freeze and Cherry, <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.2">Groundwater, section 2.2</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/f7xra/">Soil Water RetentionCurves</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/814900781" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/775501232" target="_blank">SWRC White Board explanation</a></li><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/775501567" target="_blank">On What SWRC depends upon (White Board)</a></li><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MAtal8KAE8&t=1s">YouTube 2017</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZyDhYZDFb8">YouTube2018</a>,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCN665BLZqA">YouTube 2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/IpawWlxC_6g" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/526587319" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/688275892" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/688276080" target="_blank">Part II</a>)</li><li>Complementary reading: Freeze and Cherry, <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.6">Groundwater, section 2.6</a></li></ul></ul><ul><li>Hydraulic Conductivity</li><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/s469n/">Conductivity in unsaturated soils</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/814900849" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aomg5PwWkNQ">YouTube2018</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJvFuZ17UkI">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/12cezNTQbeA" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/526587513" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/688276125" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/775497566" target="_blank">Vimeo2022_2</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/sqwpf/">Saturated conductivity</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/527844269" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2YbwO6RYFE">YouTube2018</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVRLme6h2kw">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/b-SVL9Lt4Kw" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>)</li></ul><li>Textbook: Freeze and Cherry, <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.3">Groundwater, section 2.3</a> and <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.4">section 2.4</a></li></ul><li><i>Further readings</i></li><ul><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/search?q=soil"><i>Soil depth</i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2016/11/the-soil-water-retention-curve.html"><i>Soil Water Retention Curves</i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/search?q=soil"><i>The old post on soils</i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2014/02/preferential-flow-in-hillslope.html"><i>Preferential flow in hillslopes</i></a></li><li><i><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2014/11/ning-lu-lectures-on-hillslope-processes.html">Ning Lu's lectures on soil water</a></i></li></ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/527844142" target="_blank">Query and answers on previous material on quantitative soil water analysis</a></li></ul><b><div><b><br /></b></div></b> - The Richardson-Richards equation (<a href="https://youtu.be/o3cPt67VwLs">Storyboard 2020</a>)</div><div><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/yp7tk/">Just the divergence Theorem</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/818505744?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/688396961" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuFYz41Y0Fw">YouTube2018</a>,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JimiIzx8a18">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/9q19uPBXf34" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/527844377" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>)</li><li>Some clarifications about Richards equation on the Whiteboards (<a href="https://vimeo.com/527844528" target="_blank">I</a> and <a href="https://vimeo.com/527844599" target="_blank">II</a>)</li><li>Complementary reading: Freeze and Cherry, <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.6">Groundwater, section 2.6</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/bfe5p/">Solving Richards equation</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/818505886?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TP6nCvoIxvQ">YouTube2018</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/mNyptxyoFnA">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/ypGsqXg9sfY" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/527844695" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/688397010" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/pa2ve/">Pedotransfer Functions</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/818505978?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5askAQf4x4&t=107s">YouTube2017</a>,YouTube2019 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBZVOgjL90A">I </a>& <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQeuZl-VJuo">II</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/fIQriDSSyKM" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/528978775" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/688397082" target="_blank">Vimeo 2022</a>)</li></ul></ul><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/ryuhp/">Richards 1D </a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/818506032?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oRziySSs9o">YouTube2019</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/0XUSwtUwKj4" target="_blank">Zoom2020</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/528978887" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/690827714" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li><li>Our attention on the interface sand-clay (<a href="https://vimeo.com/528979000" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>)</li></ul><li><i>(<a href="https://osf.io/cq7vm/">Optional) simplifications of Richards 1D</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEsegKcNDPM&t=3s">YouTube2017</a>,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ez9DaVkNISY">YouTube2019</a>)</i></li><li>Further information:</li><ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/ego2FkuQwxc" target="_blank">A clarifying video about a few experiments on infiltration from YouTube</a></li></ul></ul><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/9qfzw/">Macropores</a> and Three-Dimensional infitration on hillslopes (<a href="https://vimeo.com/818506109?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiI3nswAdaI">YouTube2019</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/528979049" target="_blank">Vimeo2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/690827808" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li></ul><li> <a href="https://osf.io/9kg78/">The groundwater equation</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/818715265?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://youtu.be/uCTTPKDWMuQ">YouTube2019</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/528979120" target="_blank">Vimeo 2021</a>,<a href="https://vimeo.com/690827900" target="_blank">Vimeo2022</a>)</li><li>Textbook: Freeze and Cherry,<a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2019/03/freeze-and-cherry-1979.html"> Groundwater</a> (<a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.9">Section 2.9</a> and <a href="http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-italiano/capitolo-2/#2.11">section 2.11</a>)</li></ul></ul><ul><li><i>Further Readings or views (optionals)</i></li><ul><li><i><a href="https://osf.io/5g6zh/">Phenomenology of infiltration (according to Richards equation) in a hillslope</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOr5IWCQPmY&t=682s">YouTube2017</a>)</i></li><li><a href="https://osf.io/h3g7c/"><i>Water in soils measures</i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2014/05/water-in-soil-and-aquifer-mostly-first.html"><i>Older presentations, slides and Audios</i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2014/04/richards-equation-and-hillslope.html"><i>Video talk given at a Summer School</i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2014/02/preferential-flow-in-hillslope.html"><i>Preferential flows</i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2015/05/bimodal-pore-size-distribution-and.html"><i>Bimodal Water retention Curves</i></a></li><li><a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2013/08/an-r-package-for-investigating-some.html"><i>An R package for getting soil hydrology</i></a></li></ul></ul><div>Q&A<b> - <a href="https://youtu.be/GmtWJQf4Wbw" target="_blank">Darcy-Buckingham law, Soil Water Retention Curves, Hydraulic Conductivity etc</a></b></div><div>Q&A - <a href="https://vimeo.com/531338779" target="_blank">Richards equation (2021</a>, <a href="https://vimeo.com/693206621" target="_blank">2022</a>)</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-33701284682325773792024-01-31T15:37:00.004+01:002024-01-31T21:44:26.082+01:00A little on reviews of Land Surface Models<p> Please improve: A nicely comprehensive review of Land-Surface-Models LSM is given in Blyth et al., 2020 being possibly completed by a reading to Fisher, 2020 for a different perspective on processes. The pioneering models were more what we nowadays call Process Based/Mechanistic models which, however contains a lot of parameters and parameterizations that have to ne calibrated, assimilated or characterized. This calibration is essentially a statistical step that in practice transform LSMs in a mix of PDEs, ODEs solver endowed with various techniques derived from statistics or, more recently, from machine learning (ML) (Pal et al., 2021). In some cases, statistical learning pretends to entirely substitute PB model which sometimes happens for some processes but is more rare in LSM as a whole.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://prenticeclimategroup.wordpress.com/realm-team/" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="305" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilesGojkG2QPX3zjUDqRktP4nkfKS_CTyqxMpqzAtqzCQRub4-qOSUiAAUa62uT9lueNWlimd7c32QRaRkEvg0oc5wqKEOXoohvpq1Iin_Q12kpxFn9EM4i9Iqp5amkuuACqmmDCz9KdJxIvfkMQ7LQK26JldCt_U2eHODVpVsjadjLM7UJhK0LSw_4Yg/s320/realm-logo-1-e1638805381927.jpg" width="303" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://prenticeclimategroup.wordpress.com/realm-team/" target="_blank">With Prof. Prentice we share the quest for rei-inventing LSMs</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div>It is apparent from the reading of the reviews above that the scope of LSM has been greatly expanded over the years above five main modelling domains: surface and canopy exchanges, soil and snow physics, water bodies, biogeochemistry and plant physiology and vegetation dynamics.</div><div>Some models have emerged as reference in literature. They include: </div><div><br /></div><div>CABLE: <a href="https://www.cawcr.gov.au/research/cable/">Community Atmosphere-Biosphere Land</a></div><div><a href="https://www.cawcr.gov.au/research/cable/">Exchange model (Australia) </a></div><div><a href="https://chrismarsh.github.io/CHM/">Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM)</a></div><div>CLASSIC: <a href="https://cccma.gitlab.io/classic_pages/#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Land%20Surface%20Scheme%20Including%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles(CLASSIC)&text=CLASSIC%20is%20a%20process%2Dbased,an%20open%2Dsource%20community%20model.">Canadian LAnd Surface Scheme Including</a></div><div><a href="https://cccma.gitlab.io/classic_pages/#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Land%20Surface%20Scheme%20Including%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles(CLASSIC)&text=CLASSIC%20is%20a%20process%2Dbased,an%20open%2Dsource%20community%20model.">biogeochemical Cycles (Canada)</a></div><div>CLM: <a href="https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/clm">Community Land Model (USA)</a></div><div><a href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/3377707/the-common-land-model-colm-technical-guide">CoLM: Common Land Model (China)</a></div><div><a href="https://gel.umd.edu/glm.php">G/LM: Global Land Model (USA)</a></div><div><a href="https://geotopmodel.github.io/geotop/">GEOtop: The University of Trento/Carleton University/EURAC/MobyGIS/Rendena100 LSM</a></div><div><a href="https://www.umr-cnrm.fr/isbadoc/model.html">ISBA: Interaction Sol-Biosphère-Atmosphère (France)</a></div><div><a href="https://jules.jchmr.org/">JSBACH: Jena Scheme for Biosphere-Atmosphere</a></div><div><a href="https://jules.jchmr.org/">Coupling in Hamburg (Germany) </a></div><div><a href="https://jules.jchmr.org/">JULES: Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (UK)</a></div><div><a href="https://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~sujan/research/models/matsiro.html">Matsiro: Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface</a></div><div><a href="https://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~sujan/research/models/matsiro.html">Integration and Runoff (Japan)</a></div><div><a href="https://ral.ucar.edu/model/noah-multiparameterization-land-surface-model-noah-mp-lsm">Noah-MP: NCAR (USA) Multiparameterization Land Surface Model</a></div><div><a href="https://orchidee.ipsl.fr/">Orchidee: Organising Carbon and Hydrology in</a></div><div><a href="https://orchidee.ipsl.fr/">Dynamic Ecosystems (France)</a></div><div><a href="https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/OIFS/3.3+OpenIFS%3A+Surface+Model+HTESSEL">TESSEL: Tiled ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchanges</a></div><div><a href="https://hyd.ifu.ethz.ch/research-data-models/t-c.html">Tethys and Cloris: Florence, ETH, University of Singapore model</a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>References</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>Blyth, Eleanor M., Vivek K. Arora, Douglas B. Clark, Simon J. Dadson, Martin G. De Kauwe, David M. Lawrence, Joe R. Melton, et al. 2021. “Advances in Land Surface Modelling.” <i>Current Climate Change Reports</i> 7 (2): 45–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-021-00171-5.</div><div><br /></div><div>Fisher, Rosie A., and Charles D. Koven. 2020. “Perspectives on the Future of Land Surface Models and the Challenges of Representing Complex Terrestrial Systems.” <i>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</i> 12 (4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001453.</div><div><br /></div><div>Pal, Sujan, and Prateek Sharma. 2021. “A Review of Machine Learning Applications in Land Surface Modeling.” <i>Earth</i> 2 (1): 174–90. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2010011.</div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-22155948598090434062024-01-23T14:34:00.007+01:002024-02-02T15:08:30.295+01:00Mapping and Modeling Flowing Network Dynamics in Temporary Streams (by Gianluca Botter and Nicola Durighetto<p> <a href="https://scholar.google.it/citations?user=aScCuukAAAAJ&hl=it" target="_blank">Gianluca Botter</a> and colleagues (among which a notable mention is needed to <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicola-Durighetto" target="_blank">Nicola Durighetto</a>) recent work in <a href="https://www.erc-dynet.it/" target="_blank">the ERC project Dynet</a> is remarkable (as well as the older one) and a little of it is in this presentation they kindly prepared for the AboutHydrology blog.The first slides (you find them by clicking on the Figure below) are choreographic (slide 1 only a photo, slide 2 a photographic example of network dynamics).</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjViC20cF53n9anZiRxamnQp-eYou0ovBBFhiT2zrX1dnYmXlo3to2JiGyRe1xKfOAJaEK0UcrtC4MSMXpBx_kEFzLS-SRVHDPpyxxB7Jhmrc6bjTTUJFg6feJyndI6V0EW1tjpjSmMPt7Y3DgE17hjv1ypVmoUpJnoqmqFH9ZFK4HBhX2E5vgZKHoXLxE/s1708/Screenshot%202024-01-23%20at%2014.27.48.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1708" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjViC20cF53n9anZiRxamnQp-eYou0ovBBFhiT2zrX1dnYmXlo3to2JiGyRe1xKfOAJaEK0UcrtC4MSMXpBx_kEFzLS-SRVHDPpyxxB7Jhmrc6bjTTUJFg6feJyndI6V0EW1tjpjSmMPt7Y3DgE17hjv1ypVmoUpJnoqmqFH9ZFK4HBhX2E5vgZKHoXLxE/w415-h244/Screenshot%202024-01-23%20at%2014.27.48.png" width="415" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div><b>Slide 2</b> shows that stream intermittency is a pervasive phenomenon in many riverscapes. All river networks, in fact, continuously expand and contract in response to time-varying climatic conditions. Consequently, the same reach can experience flowing water, ponding or no-water at all depending on the survey time, as shown by the examples reported in this slide. </div><div><b>Slides 3</b> movie (<a href="https://vimeo.com/905566501?share=copy" target="_blank">here</a>) represents the simulated network dynamics in the Rio Valfredda, 5 km2 (BELLUNO, Dolomites). The movie has been built combining empirical observations and a hierarchical modeling framework. Network dynamics are very complex, with wet reaches that propagate upstream in response to rainfall events, but also active channels that extend in the downstream direction as the catchment wets up. Multiple disconnections are generated and removed as the network expands and contracts.</div><div><b>Slide 4 </b> summarizes the conceptual model used to identify the timing and the duration of surface flow within a given location along the geomorphic network. According to the model, the presence of surface flow is produced by the imbalance between the local inflow Qin, which is made up by the sum of a surface and a subsurface component, and the maximum discharge capacity of the subsurface of that point, Q*. Consequently in this framework, the surface flow presence condition can be written as Q_in > Q*. </div><div>In<b> slide 5</b> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/905567505?share=copy" target="_blank">movie</a>) it is shown that surface flow presence is driven by the imbalance between the local inflow Q_in and the maximum subsurface discharge capacity in the hyporheic region, Q*. One important point of this formulation is that Q_in changes in time as a function of the catchment wetness, but also in space, with larger values of inflows that are associated to downstream sites with a larger contributing area. Instead, the maximum outflow Q* is typically constant in time, and does not necessarily exhibit significant scaling effects as it might depend on local features such as the slope or the subsurface transmissivity. As the catchment gets wet, the local Q_in increases along the network non-uniformly and activate larger and larger portions of the network, as shown in the upper movie of this slide. The same process can be also seen looking at the corresponding “specific” quantities, dividing both sides of the surface flow presence equation by the contributing area A. The advantage is that now the specific inflow (small q_in) can be assumed as nearly uniform along the network, while the max specific outflow, rho*, decreases downstream as the contributing area increases. From this new perspective, when the catchment wets up the local specific inflow increases almost uniformly everywhere in the network, and more and more sites experience surface flow starting from the most downstream nodes for which the max specific max outflow rho* is lower. </div><div>From a phenomenological view point (<b>slide 6</b>), this mechanistic formulation originates a hiearchical behaviour: during wetting, nodes are activated sequentially from from the most to the least persistent, thereby originating … a sequence of network configurations in which less and less persistent nodes activate as the network expands</div><div><b>Slides 7</b> shows that during drying, nodes dry out with an order that is the inverse of the one experienced during the wetting… Thus, more and more persistent nodes are progressively switched off as the network retracts. The hierarchical behaviour is observed also in case of dynamically fragmented networks, as in this example.</div><div>The hierachical structuring of channel network dynamics, shown in <b>slide 8</b>, has been the object of several past studies, in which the hierarchy was mathematically defined using graph theories, and the validity of the hierarchical scheme has been proved using empirical data from tens of catchments spread al lover the world. The hierarchical structuring proved to be a powerful tool to extrapolate in space incomplete empirical information on surface flow presence. </div><div><b>Slides 9</b> shows data about local persistency as derived from field surveys in different catchments belong to a broad range of geomorphoclimatic features, from humid settings (on the left) to a dry mediterranian catchment (shown on the right). As you can see there is a general tendency for the persistency to increase moving downstream along the network (indicated by blue-like colors), in line with the expected decrease of rho* for larger contributing areas. However, the observed patterns of local persistency are much more complex than expected in most cases, owing to spatial heterogeneity of hydromorphological features, such as slope and river bed permeability.</div><div>Activelength vs discharge plots in <b>slide 10</b> are valuable to estimate the changes in the flowing length associated to changes in the catchment wetness. Different catchments show a vary different behaviour though…</div><div><b>Slide 11</b> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/909097135?share=copy" target="_blank">movie here)</a> shows an example simulation derived using a stochastic model for simulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of temporary streams. The model takes advantage of few, widely available climatic and morphologic parameters to generate synthetic timeseries of rainfall, streamflow and active length. Furthermore, the approach allows the reconstruction of the time-varying configuration of the active network. Thanks to its simplicity and limited computational requirements, the model can be easily coupled with ecologic models to simulate specific in-stream processes taking place on temporary streams.</div><div>In<b> slide 12 </b>(<a href="https://vimeo.com/905566291?share=copy" target="_blank">movie here</a>)<b> </b>the Authors combined synthetic dynamic networks with a metapopulation model. The model stochastically simulates the occupancy of a temporary stream by a target species, which is shown in dark blue in the lower plot. The available habitat for the focus species varies with time and is greatly reduced during droughts. Our results indicate that, when compared to a static network, temporary streams result in a lower average occupancy and a higher extinction probability.</div><div>To better understand the importance of network dynamics, <b>slide 13</b> compares the simulated behavior of a fish species in two different conditions: a dynamic network, shown in the bottom panel, and a static network, shown at the top panel.</div><div>Even though the average length of the active network is the same in the two cases, the time variability of the available habitat inherent of the dynamic network results in a lower average occupancy and a higher time variability of the network length occupied by the metapopulation. Consequently, in the dynamic scenario there is also an increase in the probability of complete extinction of the target species within the network.</div><div>The results in<b> slide 14</b> suggest that the presence of disconnections along the network lowers the mean occupancy and increases extinction probability. In fact, the target species always goes extinct in less than 1 year in the scenario characterized by the largest number of disconnections (upper panel), while it can survive in the other cases. Therefore, temporary disconnections produced by stream network dynamics are crucial to the ecological functioning of rivers.</div><div>This is an important result also in the frame of climate change, which is globally increasing stream intermittency.</div><div><br /></div><div>References</div><div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="white-space: normal;">N. Durighetto, F. Vingiani, et al. (2020). Intraseasonal Drainage Network Dynamics in a Headwater Catchment of the Italian Alps. Water Resources Research. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025563</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">G. Botter, N. Durighetto (2020). The Stream Length Duration Curve: A Tool for Characterizing the Time Variability of the Flowing Stream Length. Water Resources Research. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027282</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">G. Botter, F. Vingiani, et al. (2021). Hierarchical climate-driven dynamics of the active channel length in temporary streams. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00922-2</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">N. Durighetto, G. Botter (2021). Time‐lapse visualization of spatial and temporal patterns of stream network dynamics. Hydrological Processes. https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhyp.14053</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">F. Zanetti, N. Durighetto, et al. (2022). Technical note: Analyzing river network dynamics and the active length–discharge relationship using water presence sensors. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3497-2022</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">N. Durighetto, V. Mariotto, et al. (2022). Probabilistic Description of Streamflow and Active Length Regimes in Rivers. Water Resources Research. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031344</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">N. Durighetto, G. Botter (2022). On the Relation Between Active Network Length and Catchment Discharge. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099500</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">N. Durighetto, L. Bertassello, G. Botter (2022). Eco-hydrological modelling of channel network dynamics—part 1: stochastic simulation of active stream expansion and retraction. Royal Society Open Science. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220944</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">L. Bertassello, N. Durighetto, G. Botter (2022). Eco-hydrological modelling of channel network dynamics—part 2: application to metapopulation dynamics. Royal Society Open Science. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220945</span></li><li><span style="white-space: normal;">N. Durighetto, S. Noto, et al. (2023). Integrating spatially-and temporally-heterogeneous data on river network dynamics using graph theory. I-Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107417</span></li></ul></div></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-56096845123393802182024-01-23T08:42:00.001+01:002024-01-23T08:42:45.021+01:00Between Hydrology and Geology: digital twins for preventing the hydrological and geological hazards<p> Invited to talk to remember <a href="https://www.albertomontanari.it/node/12" target="_blank">Fabio Rossi</a> I chose to take a little detour describing the perceptual model of small catchments floods dynamics in the interplay between geology, geomorphology, and hydrology. Not much technical information though, which you can find in the cited papers, but more the vision of what can be done with physically based models. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://osf.io/2agsr" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="1532" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFF9YdffeAvwaj7Uu7m6j3p8XRVdx29MIoCzOZR7p1qomKVInAPGePrumib4Fe5p8qH5y3gi7XS1xabUypU4Z5s4-45NrxjHXYKZum3KvVxbtSvIRVXuXh3RwChMzwdqyXde8yfpbg6eo_7WU_qjDtj3-FZR6JOXg3CZoV9w1LUjMEBouid_MZm-EPUu8/w422-h315/Screenshot%202024-01-23%20at%2008.27.37.png" width="422" /></a></div><br /><p>The presentation ends with claiming that such approaches that could be seen as overwhelming can instead be pursued in the framework of <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/DARTH" target="_blank">DARTHs</a> and within a cooperative, participatory action. Enjoy the presentation by vlivking on the figure above. </p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-57884903884542796572024-01-02T10:46:00.005+01:002024-01-02T10:55:39.465+01:00Elementary Mathematics sheds light on the transpiration budget under water stress
This paper aims to establish a method to accurately describe transpiration by employing appropriate physical equations. Although some simplifications are made, including use of a simplified treatment of turbulence and neglecting of the thermal capacity of transpiring leaves, it is argued that the chosen scheme has general validity in identifying the primary mechanisms governing transpiration. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnC9h72TgO6PanX6E1pHaHdbyXixsiNKGF78jfW2V-HlO8RZdXFiz4SCNwyzxrpkEA1baC6UhRe5alyEiF_WGKaBzmLYwvoLUp3UL0Nh7WnrfXBxs-Ph_JBDAY7aKTDhZh_tQrYEOL0PAgjpFcyGG1UoCFh3hII0zYsVe12-vErh8GsJIMtxSh7z4ZMGA/s4032/IMG_1492.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnC9h72TgO6PanX6E1pHaHdbyXixsiNKGF78jfW2V-HlO8RZdXFiz4SCNwyzxrpkEA1baC6UhRe5alyEiF_WGKaBzmLYwvoLUp3UL0Nh7WnrfXBxs-Ph_JBDAY7aKTDhZh_tQrYEOL0PAgjpFcyGG1UoCFh3hII0zYsVe12-vErh8GsJIMtxSh7z4ZMGA/s320/IMG_1492.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>To achieve this objective, a traditional treatment involving five equations, including the mass budget, is used. Initially, a simplified approach that does not consider the water budget is introduced to outline the general procedure to explicitly ad- dress canopies. Subsequently, the water budget is incorporated to appropriately account for water stress in transpiration. In this context, a novel linearization of the extended Clausius- Clapeyron equation, incorporating the Kelvin effect, is employed. It is demonstrated that the well-known Penman formula emerges as one of the solutions within a system of equations, providing estimates for temperature (T), vapor content in air (e), and the thermal transport of heat (H). The method, initially conceived for homogeneous canopies, is expanded to encompass sun-shade canopy layers. By employing the water mass balance, the trade-off between atmospheric evaporation demand and the water delivery capacity of the soil and stem is eluci- dated. Notably, it is revealed that the pressure potential within leaves is not solely determined by capillarity, but rather represents the dynamic outcome of the intricate interactions within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. These findings highlight differences from more simplistic approaches commonly employed, particularly concerning canopies. Overall, this study presents a methodological framework to accurately describe transpiration, incorporating key equations and addressing the complex dynamics involved in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, and suggests various directions of research in the field. The preprint manuscript can be found <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/stazxvl6iia34dsb6vrns/Elementary_mathematics_sheds_light_on_Evapotranspiration_budget.pdf?rlkey=lie3fin14jp2zeu9e5m4ziwk9&dl=0" target="_blank">here.</a> <div>The </div></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-37613714999833382142023-12-30T11:50:00.007+01:002024-01-09T11:40:01.202+01:00Help ! The AboutHydrology mailing list was shutdown by Google<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>The groups was restored. Many thanks to who have helped !!!</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Dear Subscribers, <br /><br /><br />The AboutHydrology mailing list connects nearly 6000 researchers, students, and practitioners in the field of hydrology and related sciences. However, since the beginning of December, it has been flagged as suspicious by Google and subsequently disabled. We are actively working to have this decision overturned and the list reactivated. While some of you may have been inconvenienced by AGU session announcements, marking the posts as "spam" has caused unintended consequences that affected many individuals.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVgaFaErTtAlpLj1BCWfmerqeJK4qznmvc2_d_xObhh5INg1IP7xgnBNruGO3WHh6LtaAhsKQ6vOOsnjEQk34FZZ2_uZ4SS1dmoOiG2_Z4ifV15VGMn9oHpUsspk5U8JZ2zrlvDrt7CXNURXjCDXVCSwHN1zXGbDMhPSINGNX_hZe5rCR6i113Z0lFTv4/s284/GoogleBanned.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="284" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVgaFaErTtAlpLj1BCWfmerqeJK4qznmvc2_d_xObhh5INg1IP7xgnBNruGO3WHh6LtaAhsKQ6vOOsnjEQk34FZZ2_uZ4SS1dmoOiG2_Z4ifV15VGMn9oHpUsspk5U8JZ2zrlvDrt7CXNURXjCDXVCSwHN1zXGbDMhPSINGNX_hZe5rCR6i113Z0lFTv4/s1600/GoogleBanned.jpeg" width="284" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br />For those who are impatient, please note that unsubscribing from the list is a simple and viable option if you no longer wish to receive emails. In the future, if you find yourself overwhelmed with emails, we kindly request that you unsubscribe without causing trouble for others. Who knows how to contact Google for solving the issue, please write privately to abouthydrology <at> gmail.com or contact themselves their Google people to support the group reactivation.<br />If Google does not reactivate the mailing list, we will explore migrating the list to another platform but obviously, it will require some time</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div>The AboutHydrology managing groupAbout Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-75581967961915732072023-12-26T17:50:00.003+01:002023-12-26T17:55:10.805+01:00Code Washing<p> This time, I want to address the concerning issue of students inappropriately reusing open-source code without a clear understanding of open-source licenses.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqaRJ9Hp3SxZuu4ndK-Szp9G1sc6lNubljUiuhfWuXZwQew3utDNczjamNdWu6TIUn7nX-SDbIJ-I4R232Idkcv1LWEuMaL0n4nSzx_mCVQbFb_LWoISRKfKLnSY7ACbmYYzE0qksfJn6KI8upnYVz3-eIHste-vrS_QxyQzTqGgF5YjPy546kHchYBOc/s4032/IMG_1563.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqaRJ9Hp3SxZuu4ndK-Szp9G1sc6lNubljUiuhfWuXZwQew3utDNczjamNdWu6TIUn7nX-SDbIJ-I4R232Idkcv1LWEuMaL0n4nSzx_mCVQbFb_LWoISRKfKLnSY7ACbmYYzE0qksfJn6KI8upnYVz3-eIHste-vrS_QxyQzTqGgF5YjPy546kHchYBOc/w387-h290/IMG_1563.jpeg" width="387" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>It's crucial for students to grasp the essence of open source licenses, understanding that they are not just permissions to copy but guidelines for responsible use. Engaging with open-source code should involve a genuine learning process, encouraging students to comprehend and apply the principles embedded in the code they explore.</div><div>Merely having access to code doesn't grant the right to take it, make superficial changes, or translating from a programming language to another, remove original authors, and claim the altered code as their own. While open source encourages learning through code exposure, wholesale copying with only minor alterations, especially without restructuring for object-oriented code, doesn't constitute "creating a new code base."</div><div>In such instances, phrases like 'I looked at Mickey Mouse code, but I am using my own code' are, at the very least, misleading and likely a form of plagiarism. I term this practice "code washing." My plea: steer clear of it and adhere to ethical behavior.</div><div>The notion of "code washing" not only undermines the integrity of individual work but also compromises the collaborative spirit of open source. It's essential to emphasize that acknowledging and respecting the original authors not only aligns with ethical standards but also fosters a culture of transparency and collaboration in the coding community.</div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-13283184283018933622023-11-17T20:25:00.005+01:002023-11-17T22:10:00.206+01:00Some pills on what we do for agriculture droughts<p> Just to introduce the debate about droughts simulation, agriculture, new technologies that can be used for improving agriculture. Below the presentation.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://osf.io/s7gnb" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1448" data-original-width="1928" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBOYn7OHCFg1pqj1yvXpKoIRa2yiNNrcDhlp2_Vf8Ybwgufa2O_Ppp7UVLdwk1u-GPGto1iG837N2HVszfm36EJQx997tsj8nNdaLzbte3V3ydy7v5nKhqq9wQWx30xvnGTUvbACNI2nnADhKEkp_jTbPuQjO4_-ggiemJuYwcFW2Xoz8Xy24BlTl7DFk/w433-h325/Screenshot%202023-11-17%20at%2020.14.48.png" width="433" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Just click on the Figure to see the presentation given at the <a href="https://event.unitn.it/festivalmeteorologia2023/" target="_blank">Festival della Meteorologia 2023</a>. <br /></div><br /><p><br /></p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-66766437481713060182023-11-09T18:01:00.007+01:002024-02-02T15:12:44.005+01:00Java for Hydrologists 101<p>There are a few <a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/search/label/Java">postings on Java</a> in this blog. Since I want to teach it to my students, I am quietly starting to populate this page with presentations which, eventually, will constitute the core of an informal class (;-)) the Java for Hydrologsts 101. The <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2013/07/java-for-hydrologists-101.html" target="_blank">first version of this blog dated back to more than 10 years ago</a> and this gives the idea on how slow thing could go. The text presented here is at present the same but I am progressively modifying it. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DZyH_7zxchM/UeUAj8MqVkI/AAAAAAAAAdM/k_Ol9zNmWaU/s1600/RemoWolfTable.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DZyH_7zxchM/UeUAj8MqVkI/AAAAAAAAAdM/k_Ol9zNmWaU/s320/RemoWolfTable.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div>The primary aim of JfH-101 is not merely to impart basic Java knowledge, but to delve into topics and issues that align with my hydrologist experience. In collaboration with my colleagues and friends from GEOframes, we plan to cover not only Java, but also OMS3, and when appropriate, <a href="http://www.geotools.org/">Geotools</a> and <a href="http://www.hortonmachine.org/" target="_blank">Horton Machine</a> (former JGrasstools). We won't overlook <a href="http://www.vogella.com/articles/ApacheAnt/article.html">Ant</a>, <a href="http://blog.vogella.com/tag/maven/">Maven</a>, <a href="https://gradle.org/" target="_blank">Gradle</a>, <a href="http://vogella.com/articles/Git/">Git</a>either. Meanwhile, we'll address topics pertinent to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming">object oriented programming</a>. </div><div><br /></div><div>Programming is less about discussing theory and more about practical application. Therefore, many of our slides will prompt you to take action and apply what you've learned.</div><div><br /></div><div>Various (overwhelming) material can be found at the <a href="https://osf.io/9afbh/" target="_blank">Java for Hydrologist OSF repository</a> The new video will be added to the <a href="https://vimeo.com/showcase/10778368" target="_blank">Java 101 for hydrologists Vimeo Showcase</a>. Here below, you'll find all the material in a ordered form: </div><div><br /></div>Topics<div><br /></div><div>0 - <a href="https://osf.io/bdc9q" target="_blank">Getting Started</a> (mostly things to read -or start to read- before the start) (<a href="https://vimeo.com/883325338?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</div><div>1 - <a href="https://osf.io/r3qk7" target="_blank">Installing Eclipse</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/882594564?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</div><div>2 - <a href="https://osf.io/qng4x" target="_blank">Your very first program commented</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/901098989?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo2023</a>)</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span> </span><a href="https://studio.youtube.com/video/DvilbJ9SnIw/edit">You Tube Video 2018</a></li></ul><div>3 - Solving a linear equation</div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://osf.io/7c84m/">Introduction</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/909087429?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZhTPucy7Cw">YouTube 2018</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/368by/">The linear equation</a> (<a href="https://vimeo.com/909087482?share=copy" target="_blank">Vimeo 2023</a>)</li><ul><li>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p-i5UUXMVM">YouTube 2018</a>)</li></ul><li><a href="https://vimeo.com/909087602?share=copy" target="_blank">Helping yourself with ChatGPT</a></li></ul></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Old Topics<br /><br /><br />* - A few diversions<br /><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/j4q3r/">Short Intro to UML* class diagram</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvybDZVXIb0">YouTube 2018</a>)</li><ul><li>UML - stands fro Universal Modelling Language. It is a set of graphic tools that can be used to sketch OO programs. The classical reference is <a href="http://martinfowler.com/">Martin Fowler</a>'s, <a href="https://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CD8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpervasive2.morselli.unimo.it%2F~nicola%2Fcourses%2FIngegneriaDelSoftware%2Fuml%2FUMLDistilled.pdf&ei=8mUeUsL1Lqny7Ab56IC4BA&usg=AFQjCNGDpO2Mw9EcmjxRxyoRbjleXr-fIw&sig2=X0Ipkc9a0ej3oEP1UjGSkA&bvm=bv.51156542,d.ZGU">UML 2.0 distilled</a>, 2003. It is a short and nice and time-affordable reading.</li></ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/asjxf/">Naming Conventions </a>(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtnSLVqQgGU">YouTube2018</a>)</li><li><a href="https://osf.io/dhu8f/">The Structure of a Java Class and something about Javadoc</a> (<a href="https://youtu.be/9k1CxuofRUo">YouTube2018</a>)</li></ul>* - Reading data from the system's console<br /><ul><li>Reading data from the console </li><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1qOoiWEAf8">LiveStream YouTube Video I</a></li><li><a href="https://youtu.be/2RZUIWi-2ic">Livestream YouTube Video II</a></li></ul></ul>* - Reading data from a File<br /><br /><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/4zv9e/">Storyboard of the classes</a></li><li>Reading data from a File (no frills, no much design) (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffLvCMuKTmM">YouTube Live Video</a>)</li><li>Writing data to a File (no frills, no much design) (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1lyN13OZgU">YouTube Live Video</a>)</li><li>Reading and writing data to a File. Designing the classes (<a href="https://youtu.be/T4BhF09DSoo">YouTube Live Video</a>)</li><li>Reading and writing data to a File with Java 8. (<a href="https://youtu.be/snvizC3emz8">YouTube Live Video</a>) </li><ul><li>For getting more on Streams see the <a href="https://osf.io/8skzr/">chapter 3</a> of <a href="https://www.manning.com/books/modern-java-in-action">Modern Java in Action (a book worth to buy).</a></li><li>For Getting more on Lambdas, <a href="https://osf.io/ah2u8/">Chapter 6 to 9</a> of <a href="https://www.manning.com/books/modern-java-in-action">Modern Java in Action </a>.</li></ul><li>Learning a little better <a href="http://www.vogella.com/tutorials/JavaRegularExpressions/article.html">what is a regular expression</a></li><li> Reading and writing data to a File with Java 8 II and III (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULiYJdZOIu4">YouTube video</a>)</li></ul>* - Working with Git<br /><ul><li><a href="https://osf.io/pv3gw/">From command line</a> </li><ul><li>Part <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tz5w9FOcxXQ">I</a></li><li>Part <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQs1k-e1eHI">II</a></li></ul><li><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/SlidesAboutHydrology/push-byegit">from Eclipse</a> (EGit)</li></ul><div>-----Not yet implemented: ----</div><div><br /></div><div>* - Programming the heat diffusion equation</div><div>* - Making the heat diffusion an OMS3 components</div><div>* - Building Java projects with Ant, Maven and GRADLE</div><div>* - GEOtools essentials</div><div>* - Commenting the programming of the GEOframe-ET</div><div>* - The Java REPL</div><div>* - A little on Java Modules in Java 9</div><div>*- Setting the continuous integration in GIT (using Travis)</div><br />The source code is available for download to from GitHub.<br /><br />References<br /><br />Please <a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2012/12/a-little-java-library-for-beginners.html">go to this blogpost</a>.<br /><br /><br />^* - From the links you can quite understand the I rely very much on Lars Vogel site for the basic stuff. It is not obviously the only good resource available (<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/">stackoverflow</a> is another one, for instance, and many others will be addressed).</div></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-11247574311194051012023-10-28T23:43:00.004+02:002023-10-28T23:52:04.179+02:00CARITRO Project: Snow droughts e green water: how climate change modifies the hydrological cycle in the Alpine Region. Due to the impact of climate change, the Alpine region is experiencing a dual effect: a decrease in snowfall leading to snow droughts, and an increase in water losses through evapotranspiration, also known as green water. These changes have significant implications for the sustainable management of water resources and the preservation of ecosystems. This project, funded by the <a href="https://www.fondazionecaritro.it/" target="_blank">CARITRO</a> foundation, aims to address these challenges by developing innovative models to accurately quantify snow melt and evapotranspiration losses. The ultimate goal is to provide practitioners with user-friendly calculation tools that are more advanced than traditional lumped models but less complex than intricate "process-based" 3D models. Initially proposed by <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/Niccol%C3%B2%20Tubini" target="_blank">Niccolò Tubini</a>, the project has been taken up by John Mohd Wani with minimal modifications. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKLXyYTajQ3-fCK7ezbABMfmGbXN6VZr2pyUEf4_k0Ggai1kY8GeHf_oSsfIEZcZ3-Ltxk47-5_U7pGnZkVpsVcqbrH-Vx129VbRjycR4nvsf1fBOqLneSdTcIeSueCd9CAxZK8PpM70kzv0R7rUJqGG0j0lxOjFRbAsge4vr-_GBW543NayewcMcL03I/s3024/IMG_4530.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="3024" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKLXyYTajQ3-fCK7ezbABMfmGbXN6VZr2pyUEf4_k0Ggai1kY8GeHf_oSsfIEZcZ3-Ltxk47-5_U7pGnZkVpsVcqbrH-Vx129VbRjycR4nvsf1fBOqLneSdTcIeSueCd9CAxZK8PpM70kzv0R7rUJqGG0j0lxOjFRbAsge4vr-_GBW543NayewcMcL03I/w373-h373/IMG_4530.jpeg" width="373" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>The complete project plan can be found <a href="https://osf.io/uzy8e" target="_blank">here</a><br /><div><br /></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-15426444915869205022023-10-27T08:21:00.003+02:002023-10-27T08:21:34.771+02:00Open Science by DesignIn the framework of the meeting <a href="https://webmagazine.unitn.it/en/evento/giurisprudenza/117839/community-over-commercialization">"Community over Commercialization \, Open Science, Intellectual Property and Data" </a> I was graciously invited by professor Roberto Caso to talk about my experience with developing open source models and promoting open science. Various the topic I tried to rise: the transmission of science in a university environment, why open source coding, why open science, which methodology can be used. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0IKaIqQt4-J6NeIie32scF3uEOo43EwVEyyze_8fFwuS1RzOX-GqWBoUqxKwN6qUGSv-WTXNJvogEFLnXnoxb43ZhiSiXHTIXhGQFTw_EvFFSEQCtSYaqfZcLBV6Bv5BaEZUi7nUYtyHVZ_wHUgoWMuXBduK3NEYn6Wdt7g8vkAzSHO0Lor4AyOMOBFs/s1924/Screenshot%202023-10-27%20at%2008.17.53.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1448" data-original-width="1924" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0IKaIqQt4-J6NeIie32scF3uEOo43EwVEyyze_8fFwuS1RzOX-GqWBoUqxKwN6qUGSv-WTXNJvogEFLnXnoxb43ZhiSiXHTIXhGQFTw_EvFFSEQCtSYaqfZcLBV6Bv5BaEZUi7nUYtyHVZ_wHUgoWMuXBduK3NEYn6Wdt7g8vkAzSHO0Lor4AyOMOBFs/w400-h301/Screenshot%202023-10-27%20at%2008.17.53.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>The presentation can be found @ <a href="https://osf.io/798vu">https://osf.io/798vu</a> and if any video record will be available, I will share it. <br /><br /><div><br /></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-90026061173251122332023-10-20T20:40:00.001+02:002023-10-20T20:52:01.725+02:00Identifying Snowfall Elevation Patterns by Assimilating Satellite- Based Snow Depth Retrievals Precipitation in mountain regions is highly variable and poorly measured, posing important challenges to water resource management. Traditional methods to estimate precipitation include in-situ gauges, doppler weather radars, satellite radars and radiometers, numerical modeling and reanalysis products. Each of these methods is unable to adequately capture complex orographic precipitation. Here, we propose a novel approach to characterize orographic snowfall over mountain regions. We use a particle batch smoother to leverage satellite information from Sentinel-1 derived snow depth retrievals and to correct various gridded precipitation products. This novel approach is tested using a simple snow model for an alpine basin located in Trentino Alto Adige, Italy. We quantify the precipitation biases across the basin and found that the assimilation method (i) corrects for snowfall biases and uncertainties, (ii) leads to cumulative snowfall elevation patterns that are consistent across precipitation products, and (iii) results in overall improved basin-wide snow variables (snow depth and snow cover area) and basin streamflow estimates.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://paperpile.com/shared/vNpT4I" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1410" data-original-width="1460" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglmoll3aL18LBh6EqISyHyX1ja3kamfkcsaKNjX893-Kh2nJQtbindNbb1Rrk3LnXVOLWWTM20DLPL2F5XrtOYI8KHc5qVyq5ibvnDiOP2BHb2dPlkMN7KUxA5RDRTR0rOpIn6TbuRg2TIl20rKoABJIq0w4SI-24HO1WSvy5pjnVP0K3lw3zJK7z31Dk/w482-h466/Screenshot%202023-10-20%20at%2020.34.29.png" width="482" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: CMR12; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><p></p>The analysis of the snowfall elevation patterns' spatial characteristics indicates that the proposed assimilation scheme results in more accurate spatial patterns in the snowfall distribution across the entire basin. The derived snowfall orographic patterns contribute to a comprehensive improvement of mountain hydrologic variables such as snow depth, snow cover area, and streamflow. The most significant enhancements in streamflow are observed during the spring and summer months when peak flow observations align more accurately with the posterior cases than the prior ones. These results primarily stem from the fact that the assimilation of Sentinel-1 assigns less snowfall to the lower-elevation regions of the basin, while higher rates are assigned to the higher elevation. As summer approaches, water is released more slowly from the higher elevation via snow-melt than in the prior case, which aligns better with observations. The assimilation of Sentinel-1 effectively downscales coarser-resolution precipitation products. While the prior snowfall cumulative elevation pattern has a small gradient across elevation bands, these patterns are consistent across elevations and precipitation products after the assimilation of snow depth retrievals. In conclusion, this study provides a framework for correcting snowfall orographic patterns across other seasonally-snow dominated mountain areas of the world, especially where in-situ data are scarce. The full paper can be found by clicking on the Figure above. <br />Reference<br /><br /><br />Girotto, Manuela, Giuseppe Formetta, Shima Azimi, Claire Bachand, Marianne Cowherd, Gabrielle De Lannoy, Hans Lievens, et al. 2023. “Identifying Snowfall Elevation Patterns by Assimilating Satellite-Based Snow Depth Retrievals.” The Science of the Total Environment, September, 167312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167312.About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-50752517725143601342023-10-19T15:13:00.004+02:002023-10-19T15:13:39.515+02:00Water4All - WaMaWaDit project<p>The project <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">WaMA-WaDiT: Water Management and Adaption based on Watershed Digital Twins </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">was financed in the <a href="https://www.water4all-partnership.eu/" target="_blank">Water4All call</a> and therefore, we will be able to start a new exciting adventure with some challenge. </span></p>
<p>This proposal aims to understand the impact of extreme climate events such as droughts and floods on water management systems, with the goal of developing optimized management strategies that maximize water security under both current and future climate change conditions. The knowledge gained will be used to create a watershed digital twin framework, applicable to various watersheds with different water-related issues. A guide will be published detailing the process of building digital twins for specific watersheds and problems.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.water4all-partnership.eu/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="354" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMR2xuu9tBIgIsbt1JTZwxLVBT-lVOGglR6LdAnFUSCx-C-4PDwXe-Dv9wI6hd-o9grYu1TyPP3-nDgo_kgiB4XP1n8hXL3OzgRvlavq4OayzWTxcfsy53UVM0MRJHHtRw9xRGFLe_VbtNzlIAdT6QlV7uxqOYjRIaxMBX-9733hboIHttDVeV4e8PzXw/w484-h193/Water4All.png" width="484" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>The proposal that you can find in its complete form by clicking on the above logo, pursues three main objectives: the scientific, the practical, and the product objectives. The scientific objective focuses on improving our understanding of how drought and floods affect water management systems, and how optimal strategies can mitigate these effects. This involves several sub-objectives, such as determining the best databases for modeling water management problems, analyzing systematic errors in climate and hydrologic predictions, improving the inclusion of groundwater dynamics models, incorporating complex snow dynamics, assessing the effect of long-term forecasts of extreme events on reservoir management, and improving the parameterization of single hydrological processes.</p><p>The practical objective is to create a methodology that systematizes the proposal and assessment of adaptation measures in reservoirs. This methodology will provide a clear guide on how to develop decision frameworks based on the most robust numerical models or digital twins of the watershed. It will also tackle how to manage hydroclimatic extremes like floods and droughts, emphasizing dynamic management of safety margins to maximize water availability and ways to reduce the impact of persistent droughts.</p><p>The product objective is to implement this methodology in a free, open-source software tool that simplifies the use of scientific knowledge for decision-makers and reservoir managers. This tool aims to be robust and scalable, providing a first-order approximation to any problem. It will encourage end-users to adopt optimal tools for their needs by demonstrating the power</p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-51788015548728481652023-10-10T12:55:00.003+02:002023-10-10T13:10:49.107+02:00Notes about the dynamic nature of the GEOframe-Po Project<p>Here below you can find some provisional notes, to be improved in the next days about our Deployment of the GEOframe system to the river Po for the basin Authority of the river Po. </p><p>Basin extraction</p><div>it's not a straightforward operation. In fact, it has never been done systematically all over Italy. It serves two opposing needs: to be objective and to align with the official grid provided by basin Authorities and Regions. The initial phase relies mainly on slope analysis and requires processing digital terrain data, which have become available only in recent years, especially if we refer to data produced with laser altimetry. The starting point is the Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) provided by the regions, which have been reprojected and standardized to correct reference systems. The initiation of the hydrographic networks is determined by an area threshold, while sub-basins, for the Po river, are delineated to have an average area of 10 km2. Procedures have been standardized in geographic information systems (GIS) over the last twenty years, but for this specific task, the Horton Machine library developed by Univrsity of Trento and HydroloGIS was used (Abera et al., 2016, serving as reference), incorporating some innovative elements: a parser to aggregate smaller basins into adjacent larger ones and addressing certain topological situations, especially those in flat areas for the subsequent use with GEOframe. </div><div>The tools was named GEOframeInputBuilder. </div><div><br /></div><div>The extraction of lakes, particularly the large Lombard lakes and Lake Garda, required special attention and made the process less automated. Visual analysis reveals a differentiated geometry between mountain basins and lowland inter-basins, since the early years of fluvial geomorphology, but now objectively observed. The database, now available, enables statistical analysis of their geometry and topology, which previously relied on more qualitative cartographic analysis. The basin initiation with an area threshold is functional to the hydrological modelling but the reader should be aware that this topic is a very alive hydrological research topic, especially along with the work by Gianluca Botter and coworkers [insert CITATION]. </div><div><br /></div><div>The grid, as currently constructed, will be distributed for free use and will serve as a fundamental standard for further cartographic-digital and hydrological analyses and developments.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh8kMd-n1EmuAS2aEnfhsvDvD9nncAU8WO2e-SvSg6cDLSnYxeq_Dnbc-K1tzW4QXqwIs_9iMMOGwrddAUhHkdgbR9ZA2W5KVtXoOmZzox8I9qsE-X6DLunj425NOVEkBvucXz2IscEgNxASu9-wtR98ClmPy9P2atGithBSjfusyoWghH80Qqruzl5XQ/s900/Reincanto%20Ghirri.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="900" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh8kMd-n1EmuAS2aEnfhsvDvD9nncAU8WO2e-SvSg6cDLSnYxeq_Dnbc-K1tzW4QXqwIs_9iMMOGwrddAUhHkdgbR9ZA2W5KVtXoOmZzox8I9qsE-X6DLunj425NOVEkBvucXz2IscEgNxASu9-wtR98ClmPy9P2atGithBSjfusyoWghH80Qqruzl5XQ/w411-h303/Reincanto%20Ghirri.jpeg" width="411" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo by Luigi Ghirri</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Interpolation</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpolation techniques have seen significant development between the 1980s and 90s [insert citation], but especially geostatistical methods have slowly made their way into the practice of digital analysis of meteorological forcings in the hydrological cycle. These require the definition of an estimation model of the correlation between measurements, known as a variogram, the robustness of which is fundamental to the reliability of the result.</div><div>The starting database is made up of measurements collected by ground stations from regional entities operating on the Po basin. These data have been analyzed, cleaned, and subsequently interpolated, currently on each centroid of the sub-basins identified in the first phase of the work. The interpolation was carried out for precipitation and temperatures on a daily scale, as a first step to produce hourly or sub-hourly interpolation at any point of a suitable one-kilometer grid. </div><div>The interpolation technique used was kriging with drift to account for orographic effects, especially on temperature. For the interpolation of the experimental variogram, a ?linear? Exponential? What else? model was used using the interpolators implemented in GEOframe. </div><div>The interpolation covered the entire period from 1990 to today, and the data are stored in CSV files in folders containing the data for each individual sub-basin.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is clear that the procedure is a first approximation that will serve as the basis for future improvements. For example, the extension of the interpolation on the one-kilometer grid is one aspect. The next improvement could be to introduce high-resolution reanalysis data, combining geostatistical techniques with simulations of atmospheric circulation and any data coming from radar and satellite. Convergent research come from atmospheric physics and meteorology whose resolution is arrived at the scales useful for hydrology. Some work should be done for connecting better the two communities. </div><div><br /></div><div>Setup:</div><div><br /></div><div>GEOframe-NewAGE allows numerous configurations, as various components are available for the same phenomenon. For the basic configuration of each single Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU), the one already partially tested in [insert citation] called Embedded Reservoir Model (ERM) was chosen, the description of which can be found in the cited bibliography or in the linked videos. In summary, the ERM model is composed of a component for interception, one for snow, when present, a fast surface runoff separator based on the Hymod model, a nonlinear reservoir for the description of the root zone, and a second nonlinear reservoir for groundwater. Structurally, it is not much different from the HBV Model [insert citation]. In the basic configuration, flood propagation is neglected.</div><div>For the part of evapotranspiration, a simple Priestley-Taylor model was used, where however the radiation is provided through a rather accurate model [insert citations].</div><div>Each of these ERM models was then connected to the others through the Net3 infrastructure [insert citation] to form a directed acyclic graph in which each node represents an HRU. Potentially, each HRU can be characterized not only by its own topographic and meteorological data, but also by its own models.</div><div>In the basic configuration, however, the same model structure is usually used for all HRUs while the values of the model parameters are obtained by subsequent calibration with spatially differentiated parameters, if the available data allow it.</div><div>The potential setup variants are numerous, encompassing at least three options for snow modeling, three for evapotranspiration modeling, and an array of choices for reservoir modeling. The inclusion or exclusion of flow propagation modules, as well as the potential elimination or addition of compartments to be modeled and their diverse connections, further expand the possibilities. An overview of potential topological configurations is presented, for instance, in [insert MaRmot citation]. As even a novice reader can comprehend, the possible combinations multiply far beyond exponentially with the number of connected Hydrological Response Units (HRUs), which can, in turn, be linked in various manners. This complexity underscores why our comprehensive study on the Po River necessitates distribution and further refinement by others to enhance the precision of the results and better align them with local needs which cannot be gained by a single yet very productive team of people. In turn this open the question on how the re-analysis performed by external researchers or teams can be accepted and inserted back into the main project. </div><div><br /></div><div>The analysis of multiple configurations is therefore entrusted to later phases of the project. </div><div><br /></div><div>Calibration</div><div><br /></div><div>Among the phases of a simulation, the calibration phase is the most time-consuming. It essentially consists of a large number of attempts to combine the model parameters to reproduce the measured data as faithfully as possible. The space of possible parameters is generally very large, even for a single simulation HRU. Therefore, the tools for calibration try to use intelligent strategies (including ML) to quickly guess which are the best parameter configurations. </div><div><br /></div><div>The goodness of the simulated values' fit to the measured ones is usually quantified through some goodness of fit (GOF) algorithms. In our case, these are generally the KGE [insert citation] or the NS [insert citation]. An analysis of the various GOFs can be found in [insert citation], whose result can be further detailed, in the validation phase (see below), with additional indicators such as those presented, for example, in Addor et al., 2017. Another method of analysis, post-hoc of the goodness of the simulations, much more refined, is that presented in [insert Shima work citation]. The latter can also serve as a Bias corrector of the final result and it is going to be systematically applied to the results of the Po project.</div><div><br /></div><div>From an algorithmic point of view, the calibration carried out in the project is based on the LUCA model [insert citation], which is a sophisticated implementation of SCEM-UA [insert citation], but a particle swarm [insert citation] could also be used. The calibration procedure follows some standards. Having a set of data to base the calibration on, the data are usually divided into two subsets, one used for calibration and another for the so-called validation phase. In the former, the problem of having available input and output data is solved, determining the parameters (or models) in a way similar to what is done in normal ML techniques (which, for this purpose, could probably be used profitably). In the latter, the performance of the model solution on data not used for parameter determination (and should be "independent" of the former) is evaluated. As already mentioned, in the validation phase, additional GOF indicators can be used to better discern the performance of the adopted solution.</div><div><br /></div><div>A note concerns the word "validation". This is the term used but does not imply any ontological meaning about the nature of the truth described by the model, but only a practical meaning related to the reliability of the model in predicting a certain sequence of numbers.</div><div>The calibration/validation procedure can be implemented for a single variable, in the specific case, usually the flow in a section of the hydrographic network, or for more variables, for example, snow cover, soil water content, evapotranspiration, if these measurements are available. These latter possible measures, however, have a different character from the discharge as, while discharge is an aggregate variable, resulting from the concentration of the fallen water on the watershed area in a single point, the others remain variables distributed spatially, before being aggregated for the purposes of the watersheds budget, and therefore the methods of determining the goodness of reproduction of the measured data follow more articulated paths, if not more complex. The good thing is that GEOframe allows you to calibrate the various quantities separately, as each of them is modeled by "different components" that can be used separately from the overall model. The use case is performed throufh quite a lot of manual intervention so far and could be made more automatic. </div><div><br /></div><div>In any case, if the target variables are more than one, we speak of multi-objective calibration, while if there are variables measured at multiple sites, we speak of multi-site calibration [insert citation].</div><div><br /></div><div>I would like further to suggest an enhancement to our analysis and move from the daily to hourly time scale. This is particularly crucial for understanding processes within smaller watersheds, approximately on a 1km^2 scale, where many significant phenomena demonstrate sub-daily dynamics.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Simulation/ Analysis/ECP</div><div><br /></div><div>The validation phase is already a simulation stage (with predetermined parameters) and represents the normal completion of operations in a production phase. This production phase is usually understood in the hydrological literature as hindcasting, that is, as functional to the understanding of past events for which an explanation is sought in a quantitative framework. This involves the use of more accurate analysis and indicators than those used in the calibration/validation phase which require a certain speed. One of these is the analysis through empirical conditional distributions, as illustrated in Azimi et al., 2023. These analyses can eventually lead to a rethinking of the setup and calibration/validation phases in order to obtain more accurate results. As shown in Azimi et al (2023, 2024), ECPs can also be used as bias correctors and improve the overall statistical performance of the model's results, at least if it shows a certain stationarity of temporal behavior, that is, if, for example, the effects attributable to global warming do not significantly impact the structure of the model (including its parameters). The determination of the "reliability" of the models is then a key concept in the development of digital twins of the hydrological system (Rigon et al, 2022).</div><div><br /></div><div>Another matter, and much less frequented by hydrologists, is that of forecasting future events. These future events, obviously, have to do with the time series input to hydrological models and therefore require forecasts of precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and air humidity. It is known that the meteorological system (global and local) is affected by a lack of predictability (predictability) due to deterministic chaos effects [insert citation]. To date, weather predictions have reliability, with respect to weather categories, of a few days, they have the ability to predict atmospheric temperatures, but they are still very imprecise in determining the amount of precipitation, in essence, they can be used to predict the hydrological future but with questionable quantitative value. The theoretical reason for this debacle has been somewhat said, but there are also others, for example, the heterogeneity of ground conditions and the absence of a description of the soil-atmosphere feedbacks, both conditions not described in meteorological models. Hydrological forecasts can therefore only be of a statistical nature and produce scenarios [insert citation], which are not devoid of meaning and practical value. In this area between Hydrology and meteorology the search for a common ground is mandatory for any evolution. In GEOframe, however, the input data treatment/modelling is quite well separated from the hydrological computation and any new source of data can be easily (but not without person/months work) included.</div><div><br /></div><div>Distribution of results and participatory science</div><div><br /></div><div>A fundamental aspect, already widely discussed in Rigon et al., 2022, is to understand how the results of a model can be shared with various users, but also how the model, its setup (including a very expensive phase of DEM analysis, weather data interpolation, and calibration/validation) can be shared, saving other researchers time. GEOframe is built in such a way that this is possible (share ability is by design of the informatics) and some experiences have already been made in this sense. Some within the Trento working group, others with external research groups from the University of Milan (whose work is to be incorporated) and the Polytechnic of Turin, where the basic data and models already pre-digested by the University of Trento served for further developments and analysis on some parts of the Po basin already processed. </div><div>The question on how to preserve, make use of multiple contributions to code, data, simulation configurations and simulations, is still open though. </div><div>It should be clarified that the GEOframe system is not only a set of data and models, but also a library of analysis tools, especially developed through Python Notebooks and often documented through a series of slides and video lessons [add the links here] and Schools [https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-geoframe-schools-index.html]. Although this system can be improved and automated, it has allowed the group from the Polytechnic of Turin to dramatically shorten the modeling times of a series of basins in Piedmont and will allow, for the moment in the planning stage, the sharing of the setup and analysis of the Lombard area of the large Alpine lakes. Other analyses, developed in parallel on areas such as Friuli by the University of Udine, can easily be inserted into a possible national system that covers all of Italy, even though they were developed separately.</div><div>From the informatics point of view organizing all of this information through appropriate repositories would be mandatory in the future for an effcient use of the resources. </div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions</div><div><br /></div><div>The GEOframe-Po project is more than just a collection of models; it envisions a comprehensive system that encompasses a variety of input and output datasets, model configurations, and the flexibility to operate on diverse platforms such as laptops, servers, and the cloud (leveraging the OMS/CSIP platform). The interfaces, as evidenced by the available self-instruction materials, can range from simple text-based designs to more sophisticated visual tools, including augmented reality devices.</div><div>The system is designed for continuous improvement and customization, with the ability to implement changes with minimal overhead. This was a strategic requirement pursued at various levels of the information technology aspect of the project [insert citations]. The current models can be broadly categorized as physically based, with the majority of the implementation comprising what is referred to in literature as "lumped" models. However, the system is designed to accommodate extensions to more distributed models, a possibility that has already been partially realized in some research lines of the Trento group.</div><div>The integration of machine learning techniques into the system is also possible [insert citation], even though they have not been utilized to date. The design of the GEOframe-Po project, therefore, represents a flexible, adaptable, and forward-thinking approach to modeling and data analysis.</div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-25683223451139177192023-09-30T17:30:00.000+02:002023-09-30T17:30:08.827+02:00Constraints to transpiration in a simple (but not too simple) model of transpiration<p>In our collaborative work with<a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/Concetta%20D%27Amato" target="_blank"> Concetta D'Amato</a> for the <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/WATERSTEM" target="_blank">WATERSTEM</a> project, we encountered the initial constraint of transpiration imposed by the hydraulic conductance of the stem-root system. Through our research, inspired by Manzoni et al. [2013], we discovered that the sigmoidal form of conductivity leads to an optimum for transpiration. We attempted to reproduce this phenomenon using the data provided by Kroeber et al. [2-13]. <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2023/09/a-fermis-like-estimation-of-water.html" target="_blank">After considerable effort</a>, we successfully generated the gray curve in the Figure, which exhibits a peak just before -4 MPa and enables too high transpiration.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfpyfbd459gLyg6GAdrVbUSghSi1Nwy4qml9l7uUSZKSDc3sYXytuRu1TkkYNNSlqOhaCnoh5LkMIHXZaMQovEDj-nbrGaTxexSqb1ISpsmGxTgkYYZB4wtAc7FsVvyllAasvijk2N1YOboqHsJVd2jSuVy-2wUSi83sXsmI1Glkyu0JhiSZlJG64_4o8/s4182/Figure_3_new.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3038" data-original-width="4182" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfpyfbd459gLyg6GAdrVbUSghSi1Nwy4qml9l7uUSZKSDc3sYXytuRu1TkkYNNSlqOhaCnoh5LkMIHXZaMQovEDj-nbrGaTxexSqb1ISpsmGxTgkYYZB4wtAc7FsVvyllAasvijk2N1YOboqHsJVd2jSuVy-2wUSi83sXsmI1Glkyu0JhiSZlJG64_4o8/w471-h341/Figure_3_new.jpg" width="471" /></a></div><p></p><p>However, we realized that the soil resistance was missing from our analysis. To address this, we incorporated the conductivity of a Silt Loam soil using the van Genuchten Mualem parameterization. The resulting brownish curves serve as evidence that the soil plays a crucial role, as anticipated by Carminati and Javaux [2020]. It is important to note that these curves depict the limits imposed by the soil and stem, which determine the potential sapflow rates, but do not reflect the constraints imposed by plant physiology. To account for plant physiology, we introduced the stomatal resistance, represented by the three dashed curves under different working hypotheses whose parameterization was taken from Daly et al. [2004]. The red points in the Figure represent the plant's working points (although the coupling with the atmospheric boundary layer is not depicted). One notable aspect of the Figure is that at typical soil suctions, the sapflow curves appear relatively flat, and the working points result in relatively constant sapflow despite variations in xylem/leaves pressure. The complete story will soon be available in Concetta's Ph.D. thesis, and the detailed process of creating the Figure can be found in its supplemental material notebooks.</p><p>References</p><p>Carminati, Andrea, and Mathieu Javaux. 2020. “Soil Rather Than Xylem Vulnerability Controls Stomatal Response to Drought.” <i>Trends in Plant Science</i> 25 (9): 868–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2020.04.003.</p><p>Daly, Edoardo, Amilcare Porporato, and Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe. 2004. “Coupled Dynamics of Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Soil Water Balance. Part I: Upscaling from Hourly to Daily Level.” <i>Journal of Hydrometeorology</i> 5 (3): 546–58. https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0546:cdopta>2.0.co;2.</p><p>Kröber, Wenzel, Shouren Zhang, Merten Ehmig, and Helge Bruelheide. 2014. “Linking Xylem Hydraulic Conductivity and Vulnerability to the Leaf Economics Spectrum—A Cross-Species Study of 39 Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaved Subtropical Tree Species.” <i>PloS One</i> 9 (11): e109211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109211.</p><p>Manzoni, Stefano, Giulia Vico, Gabriel Katul, Sari Palmroth, Robert B. Jackson, and Amilcare Porporato. 2013. “Hydraulic Limits on Maximum Plant Transpiration and the Emergence of the Safety-Efficiency Trade-Off.” <i>The New Phytologist</i> 198 (1): 169–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12126.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><p></p></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-89699251796656300852023-09-06T08:35:00.002+02:002023-09-06T10:55:42.917+02:00A Fermi's like estimation of water fluxes in a plant (to check some consistencies)<p> A Fermi's problem <span style="color: #202122;">is an </span><b><span style="color: #202122;">order-of-magnitude problem</span></b><span style="color: #202122;"> (or </span><b><span style="color: #202122;">order-of-magnitude estimate</span></b><span style="color: #202122;">, </span><b><span style="color: #202122;">order estimation</span></b><span style="color: #202122;">), is an </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_theory" rev="en_rl_none" title="Estimation theory"><span style="color: #3366cc;">estimation</span></a><span style="color: #202122;"> problem designed to teach </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis" rev="en_rl_none" title="Dimensional analysis"><span style="color: #3366cc;">dimensional analysis</span></a><span style="color: #202122;"> or </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation" rev="en_rl_none" title="Approximation"><span style="color: #3366cc;">approximation</span></a><span style="color: #202122;"> (in this case approximation) of extreme scientific calculations, and such a problem is usually a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-of-the-envelope_calculation" rev="en_rl_none" title="Back-of-the-envelope calculation"><span style="color: #3366cc;">back-of-the-envelope calculation</span></a><span style="color: #202122;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_problem" rev="en_rl_none">cit. Wikipedia</a><span style="color: #202122;">)</span></p><div><span style="color: #202122;"><span data-markholder="true"></span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiELlmwMGtn-Kh_2zNnyEj6YEgRNBvm_ErINKuu2jQ2mPkx7LYBDHM2woc1KwVCyp7jH3om5EMHf-OHA75mqxfej7GUehFWbmXC46xRFxuecmLxEDr7BGIu-AZbkkgJqLnfP6QIDfxAMrbL9x4FD123pkDPlMCfsk6dYe3Z5xfXcjkvKoBCuBj92L9r2Zk/s3701/IMG_0571.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3701" data-original-width="2348" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiELlmwMGtn-Kh_2zNnyEj6YEgRNBvm_ErINKuu2jQ2mPkx7LYBDHM2woc1KwVCyp7jH3om5EMHf-OHA75mqxfej7GUehFWbmXC46xRFxuecmLxEDr7BGIu-AZbkkgJqLnfP6QIDfxAMrbL9x4FD123pkDPlMCfsk6dYe3Z5xfXcjkvKoBCuBj92L9r2Zk/w259-h408/IMG_0571.jpeg" width="259" /></a></div><br />Let's assume that a plant transpires 1 cm per day (just to exaggerate) per unit of area. Suppose this plant canopy covers an area of 100 m^2. The transpired volume in one day is ET = 0.01 * 100 = 1 m^3 (which is a lot, plants are reported to transpirate "hundred of liters", not cubic meters).</div><div><br /></div><div>Now let's consider the specific hydraulic conductivity KS in Kg m^{-1} s^{-1} MPa^{-1}. According to Krober et al. (2014) and their database, the maximum hydraulic conductivity of Castanea Henryi is approximately (simplifying the numbers) 10 Kg m^{-1} s^{-1} MPa^{-1}. Skipping some details, the maximum sap flow, E_S, derived from this is of the same order of magnitude, expressed in Kg m^{-1} s^{-1} (hint: you need to calculate K(\psi) \psi, with K varying with psi, and psi being the pressure (in MPa) in the xylem, as in Manzoni et al., 2014).</div><div><br /></div><div>To compare E_S and ET, I need to multiply E_S by the active trunk cross-sectional area CSA (according to Thurner) and divide it by the plant height (10 m) to account for the gradient. Then, I need to convert from Kg per second to Kg per day (multiplying by 10^5) and divide by the density of water to obtain the result in terms of volume (10^3 kg/m^3). Therefore:</div><div><br /></div><div>E_S = 10 [ES value] * 10^5 [Seconds in a Day] * CSA [Cross-sectional Area] / 10^4 [Plant Height * Water Density] = 100 CSA</div><div><br /></div><div>From ES = ET, it follows that:</div><div><br /></div><div>CSA = 0.01 m^2</div><div><br /></div><div>which could not be an unreasonable value (plant physiologists have to tell me). If the density measurement made by Kroeber et al. is actually related to the entire branch/trunk they used, it could mean that in a 1 m^2 stem (if the stem were 1 m^2), 1% contributes to the xylem flow. Unless I have forgotten any factor somewhere (which would be embarrassing, but I'll take the risk) or the measurements made by Kroeber et al. need to be adjusted differently.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to Lüttschwager's study, this value would imply a much higher specific hydraulic conductivity than the KS observed in the outermost regions of the trunk where the flow is concentrated. Another consequence is that the less conductive species of this Chinese chestnut (38 out of 39 in the study) could only sustain such evaporation demands with much larger stems, which seems unreasonable, or a large percentage of vessels.</div><div><br /></div><div>I would like to ask if the numbers I presented seem correct and reasonable to you, and if there is anything blatantly wrong in my reasoning or deduction from Kroeber's work (for those familiar with it) or elsewhere. Any comments are welcome.</div><div><br /></div><div>P.S. - Most species in Kroeber's study have a KS that is 10 times smaller, which would require a CSA 10 times larger for the same evaporative demand.</div><div><br /></div><div>References</div><div><br /></div><div>Manzoni, Stefano, Giulia Vico, Gabriel Katul, Sari Palmroth, Robert B. Jackson, and Amilcare Porporato. 2013. “Hydraulic Limits on Maximum Plant Transpiration and the Emergence of the Safety-Efficiency Trade-Off.” <i>The New Phytologist</i> 198 (1): 169–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12126" rev="en_rl_none">https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12126</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Kröber, Wenzel, Shouren Zhang, Merten Ehmig, and Helge Bruelheide. 2014. “Linking Xylem Hydraulic Conductivity and Vulnerability to the Leaf Economics Spectrum—A Cross-Species Study of 39 Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaved Subtropical Tree Species.” PloS One 9 (11): e109211. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109211" rev="en_rl_none">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109211</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Lüttschwager, Dietmar, and Rainer Remus. 2007. “Radial Distribution of Sap Flux Density in Trunks of a Mature Beech Stand.” Annals of Forest Science 64 (4): 431–38. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007020" rev="en_rl_none">https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007020</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thurner, Martin, Christian Beer, Thomas Crowther, Daniel Falster, Stefano Manzoni, Anatoly Prokushkin, and Ernst-Detlef Schulze. 2019. “Sapwood Biomass Carbon in Northern Boreal and Temperate Forests.” Global Ecology and Biogeography: A Journal of Macroecology 28 (5): 640–60. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12883" rev="en_rl_none">https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12883</a>.</div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-26661433969383770802023-08-31T14:38:00.003+02:002023-08-31T14:40:14.174+02:00Some papers that discuss tree allometry to obtain biomass and sapwood cross sectional area<p>In order to accurately determine the water budget of trees (<a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2023/08/a-rosetta-stone-for-connecting-various.html" target="_blank">see also yesterday's post</a>), it is crucial to establish a connection between the quantity of sapwood and the transpiration rate from the leaves. One essential factor in this process is obtaining accurate measurements of the sapwood cross-sectional areas (CSA). However, it is important to note that these CSA measurements can vary significantly from one plant to another. Acquiring this data can be challenging, and as a result, researchers have conducted studies aiming to establish allometric relationships as a means to estimate these measurements. To assist me in finding relevant literature on this topic, I reached out to my colleague involved in the <a href="https://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/WATERSTEM" target="_blank">WATERSTEM</a> project. Below, you will find the literature they recommended.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimse6QEykdQsMcLLbkXKFsuazFmHvS8zVR5e9fCLEvgaSelV3gtAtA2kXJYtw0FfrkzeHuwkdCwMAXKyfF50QaCv1KohnrAt6mjJgjz0n80lLBRysEynVp3Suz9MJi3XV3TKdrhHeECA05ke5NqPYDTskGtMPu7Bmr1MamAcgemwmGo4b2P-aPvW_TiB8/s3725/IMG_0239.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2794" data-original-width="3725" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimse6QEykdQsMcLLbkXKFsuazFmHvS8zVR5e9fCLEvgaSelV3gtAtA2kXJYtw0FfrkzeHuwkdCwMAXKyfF50QaCv1KohnrAt6mjJgjz0n80lLBRysEynVp3Suz9MJi3XV3TKdrhHeECA05ke5NqPYDTskGtMPu7Bmr1MamAcgemwmGo4b2P-aPvW_TiB8/s320/IMG_0239.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p>References</p><p>Berry, Z. Carter, Nathaniel Looker, Friso Holwerda, León Rodrigo Gómez Aguilar, Perla Ortiz Colin, Teresa González Martínez, and Heidi Asbjornsen. 2018. “Why Size Matters: The Interactive Influences of Tree Diameter Distribution and Sap Flow Parameters on Upscaled Transpiration.” <i>Tree Physiology</i> 38 (2): 263–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx124.<br /><br />Kubota, Mitsumasa, John Tenhunen, Reiner Zimmermann, Markus Schmidt, Samuel Adiku, and Yoshitaka Kakubari. n.d. “Influences of Environmental Factors on the Radial Profile of Sap Flux Density in Fagus Crenata Growing at Different Elevations in the Naeba.” https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article/25/5/545/1712832.<br /><br />Lüttschwager, Dietmar, and Hubert Jochheim. 2020. “Drought Primarily Reduces Canopy Transpiration of Exposed Beech Trees and Decreases the Share of Water Uptake from Deeper Soil Layers.” <i>Forests, Trees and Livelihoods</i> 11 (5): 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050537.<br /><br />Lüttschwager, Dietmar, and Rainer Remus. 2007. “Radial Distribution of Sap Flux Density in Trunks of a Mature Beech Stand.” <i>Annals of Forest Science</i> 64 (4): 431–38. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007020.<br /><br />Niccoli, Francesco, Arturo Pacheco-Solana, Sylvain Delzon, Jerzy Piotr Kabala, Shahla Asgharinia, Simona Castaldi, Riccardo Valentini, and Giovanna Battipaglia. 2023. “Effects of Wildfire on Growth, Transpiration and Hydraulic Properties of Pinus Pinaster Aiton Forest.” <i>Dendrochronologia</i> 79 (126086): 126086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2023.126086.<br /><br />Petrík, Peter, Ina Zavadilová, Ladislav Šigut, Natalia Kowalska, Anja Petek-Petrik, Justyna Szatniewska, Georg Jocher, and Marian Pavelka. 2022. “Impact of Environmental Conditions and Seasonality on Ecosystem Transpiration and Evapotranspiration Partitioning (T/ET Ratio) of Pure European Beech Forest.” <i>WATER</i> 14 (19): 3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193015.<br /><br />Thurner, Martin, Christian Beer, Thomas Crowther, Daniel Falster, Stefano Manzoni, Anatoly Prokushkin, and Ernst-Detlef Schulze. 2019. “Sapwood Biomass Carbon in Northern Boreal and Temperate Forests.” <i>Global Ecology and Biogeography: A Journal of Macroecology</i> 28 (5): 640–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12883.</p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-22035637454271504242023-08-30T16:01:00.009+02:002023-08-30T16:05:56.923+02:00A Rosetta stone for connecting the various forms of the Darcy-Buckingham law use in Hydrology and Plants Physiology<p>The information presented here is derived from the study conducted by Carminati and Javaux in 2020, which aimed to provide insights into plant hydraulics. Carminati referred to the work of Kroeber et al. in 2014, who conducted extensive measurements on a variety of plants and reported their data. However, a discrepancy arises between hydrologists and plant physiologists in the units used to measure hydraulic conductivity. While hydrologists measure it in meters per second (m/s), plant physiologists measure it in kilograms per meter per Pascal second [Kg m/(Pa s)].</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3LtOK2-zh8pPkBSxj1PWG46d6BcdeUYmc5gFZMBBIyTPcByhs7EKX335Eiyoj-9KqQaOT8mFu-O52blpm5yIYbsDYcZjFzkuentGr3G9uMFTOQiWnm3IWPOtDrP5vvSHjdeX2wh8Vp-YSZ9QTqty4SvFYVnlvvKsTRSuDmYXAvLIXgI1rLLtcQVC0Vvs/s1404/Rosetta_Stone.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1404" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3LtOK2-zh8pPkBSxj1PWG46d6BcdeUYmc5gFZMBBIyTPcByhs7EKX335Eiyoj-9KqQaOT8mFu-O52blpm5yIYbsDYcZjFzkuentGr3G9uMFTOQiWnm3IWPOtDrP5vvSHjdeX2wh8Vp-YSZ9QTqty4SvFYVnlvvKsTRSuDmYXAvLIXgI1rLLtcQVC0Vvs/s320/Rosetta_Stone.JPG" width="274" /></a></div><p>In their study, Kroeber et al. reported conductivity per unit area, denoted as Kk, measured in kilograms per meter per Pascal second [Kg/(m Pa s)]. This unit might seem unfamiliar or obscure. To bridge the gap between my background and the new papers, Carminati and Javaux provide a clue. They suggest that the relationship between Kk and the commonly used hydraulic conductivity, K_w, expressed in centimeters per day (cm/day), can be established using the enigmatic equation K_w = g * 100 * 10^(-6) * 3600 * 24 * Kk. Now, the question arises: Is 'g' referring to the acceleration due to gravity?</p>So I dedicated a couple of days of my life to build a Rosetta Stone to translate the units and check the coherence of what done. The result is a short paper by me and Concetta D'Amato that you can find <a href="https://osf.io/cdnrs" target="_blank">here</a>. <br /><p>For obtaining this I had to walk through the valley of the water potentials expressed in different units, but also this can be interesting for the reader. </p><p>Next step is understand which is the value of the cross section through which the water flow to obtain, at the end, real cubic meter per second or kg per second. </p><p><br /></p><p>References</p><p>Carminati, Andrea, and Mathieu Javaux. 2020. “Soil Rather Than Xylem Vulnerability Controls Stomatal Response to Drought.” <i>Trends in Plant Science</i> 25 (9): 868–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2020.04.003.</p><p>Kröber, Wenzel, Shouren Zhang, Merten Ehmig, and Helge Bruelheide. 2014. “Linking Xylem Hydraulic Conductivity and Vulnerability to the Leaf Economics Spectrum—A Cross-Species Study of 39 Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaved Subtropical Tree Species.” <i>PloS One</i> 9 (11): e109211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109211.</p>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6687556278632539882.post-5736035945857342612023-07-31T17:37:00.004+02:002023-08-01T14:58:03.940+02:00Some observations about long rainfall and the generated discharges <p> In well-known hydrologic response theories like the <a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/IUH" target="_blank">IUH</a>, it has been established that for a specific catchment and a constant rainfall, there exists a 'critical rainfall duration' resulting in the maximum discharge for that catchment, which is usually known as <a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2020/06/concentration-time-if-existant-is.html" target="_blank">concentration time</a>. </p><p>The next step is to associate a return period with the constant rainfall. This allows us to demonstrate that given a precipitation with an assigned return period, there is a critical rainfall duration that yields the highest possible discharge in that river section.This is what has been accomplished in Rigon et al., 2011 (but the research dates back to early 00, which is another interesting story). BTW, In the paper, we have also shown that this time is less or equal to the concentration time. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio3vTR9De1zv62cTn_Na6LuBV6wqUWZJMzlU6PKDM51kOKt_GVO44w9gUWfhKKhOvzHNFRXOJ34fSIcKz3rZiCzipTmypQR96eQGxdQUvyP9tlL1BhMwm-GvIEUgvyB_H1veayUmb9s9HOtm78JY5l9tgl6519rkDFMx3QHAK_uJE3mN1JYNxq90re0yc/s1920/flood_closeup__AdobeSstock_aspot.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio3vTR9De1zv62cTn_Na6LuBV6wqUWZJMzlU6PKDM51kOKt_GVO44w9gUWfhKKhOvzHNFRXOJ34fSIcKz3rZiCzipTmypQR96eQGxdQUvyP9tlL1BhMwm-GvIEUgvyB_H1veayUmb9s9HOtm78JY5l9tgl6519rkDFMx3QHAK_uJE3mN1JYNxq90re0yc/w443-h249/flood_closeup__AdobeSstock_aspot.jpg" width="443" /></a></div><br />The above argument may lead to the misconception that the “maximum discharge” for the catchment cannot be exceeded (keep in mind that the concept of maximum discharge obtainable is incomplete when you do not mention a return period). Consider doubling the duration of the rainfall while keeping the intensity fixed. The first impulse results in the highest discharge with the assigned return period. Yet, it also has a discharge tail that, depending on the catchment's features, can last quite long. When the second impulse of precipitation arrives with the same intensity, it adds to the recession of the first impulse, usually increasing the discharge beyond the maximum discharge obtained with a single impulse.<p></p><p>In certain cases, like in the kinematic hydrograph model (uniform IUH) the rise of the new impulse discharge may precisely compensate for the decreasing recession of the older impulse, resulting in a constant discharge. However, this is not the general scenario, as simple calculations can show and sticking with this idea can be erroneous. Typically in fact, and especially when there is a marked contrast between the response time of the surface and subsurface storm flow waves, the recession discharge generated of the first impulse decreases more slowly than the increase in the new impulse discharge, effectively acting as additional rainfall. This effect is equivalent to increase the intensity of the effective rainfall to a return period which can be estimated through inverse modelling. In other words, two subsequent rainfall impulses, each with an assigned return period, are equivalent to a precipitation event with a higher return period. While the IUH theory establishes a precise equality between the return period of rainfall and discharge for a single impulse, the two return periods of discharges and rainfall become decoupled when multiple rainfall impulses occur. </p><div>Although real-world precipitations are not constant and uniform, and the response of the catchment may not be time-invariant, the main qualitative findings described above remain statistically valid and could be tested by generating ensembles of time-variable precipitations with numerical models. Besides, there are additional factors like sediment and vegetation transport that can add volume to the water (<a href="http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/Meledrio" target="_blank">see for instance these posts</a>), increasing more than linearly the return period of discharge with increasing rainfall intensities. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>References </div><div><br /></div><div>Rigon, R., P. D’Odorico, and G. Bertoldi. 2011. “The Geomorphic Structure of the Runoff Peak.” <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i> 15 (6): 1853–63.<a href="Rigon, R., P. D’Odorico, and G. Bertoldi. 2011. “The Geomorphic Structure of the Runoff Peak.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15 (6): 1853–63. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1853-2011." target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1853-2011.</a></div>About Hydrologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11828068853895786946noreply@blogger.com0