Hydrology 2017

This year I decided to introduce strong news in my Hydrology course.  Not only a change of topics, but also a change of perspective. I increased widely the hours in the lab (up to 60%) of the class, and I arranged the lectures in a way that they could be followed by a three hour laboratory. Almost no lecture will be without numerical experiments. Another innovation is the use of Python instead of R.
I made this because of the large endorsement Python had among hydrologist and because:

•  its object oriented structure is much more firm than the R one. 
•  Besides, Python seems to be easy to learn by engineering students. 
• Some of my colleagues seem to agree to converge toward the use of Python in their classes

R remains the first choice to do statistics. However, we have limited time. The class is 60 hours, and the material to convey a lot.

Here it is the foreseen schedule of the class:

Corso di Idrologia 2017

Legend: T - Theoretical lecture  - L - Laboratory class (this can include theoretical parts, but mostly students will exercise with tools)

1. T - Introduction to the class. 
• Water on Earth (optional). 
• The hydrological cycle (YouTube)
• The hydrosphere parts (optional). 
• Modern hydrological information (YouTube). 
• The water budget (YouTube). 
• The energy budget (YouTube) 
• Fluxes, Reservoirs, Residence times (optional) 
• The Budyko scheme. 
• Further Readings
2. T - A terrain analysis  primer. 
• Elevation, Slopes, Curvatures. (YouTube)
• River network delineation. 
• Contributing areas. 
• Geomorphic laws (optional)
• Further Readings
3. L - Introduction to QGIS. Introduction to the JGrasstools in OMS.
4. T - A little of Statistics and Probability. 
• Descriptive Statistics
• Location indicators  (YouTube)
• Form and Shapes of data
• Tests of hypothesis
• Stationarity And Ergodicity
• Further readings on Statistics (see also here)
• Probability's Axioms (optional)
• Univariate distributions
• Further readings on Probability
5. L -  Delineation of catchments' characteristics with JGrasstools and QGIS.
6. T - Precipitations. Mechanisms  of formation of precipitation. Ground based statistics. Extreme precipitations. 
• See the points 6 to 11 in this post.
• Further readings (Point 1-5 and 17 in the Precipitations' post)
7. L - Intro to Python - Loading/reading files. Time series and their visualisation. (See Notebook 0 an 1 here.)
8. T - Extreme precipitation statistics (parameters' estimation)
• See points 12-15 in the Precipitations post
• Further readings (Point 1-5 and 17 in the Precipitations' post)
9. L - Estimation of extreme distributions parameters. (See Notebook 2 to 5 here.)
10. T -  Radiation (YouTube 2017). 
• The Sun (YouTube 2017)
• Stefan-Boltzmann law and radiation spectrum (YouTube 2017)
• Sun  to Earth (YouTube 2017)
• Coping with latitude and longitude (YouTube 2017)
• Atmospheric Absorptions (YouTube 2017)
• Clouds (YouTube 2017)
• Coping with terrain (YouTube 2017)
• Long wave radiation (YouTube 2017)
• Table of symbols
• Further readings:
• Corripio, J. G. (2002). Modelling the energy balance of high altitude glacierised basins in the Central Andes. Ph.D Dissertation, 1–175.
• Corripio, J. G. (2003). Vectorial algebra algorithms for calculating terrain parameters from DEMs and solar radiation modelling in mountainous terrain. Int. J. Geographical Information Science, 17(1), 1–23. 
• Formetta, G., Rigon, R., Chávez, J. L., & David O. (2013). Modeling shortwave solar radiation using the JGrass-NewAge system. Geoscientific Model Development, 6(4), 915–928. http://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-915-2013 
• Formetta, G., Bancheri, M., David, O., & Rigon, R. (2016). Performance of site-specific parameterizations of longwave radiation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20(11), 4641–4654. http://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4641-2016
11. L - Estimation of shortwave and longwave radiation in a catchment (data, executables, sim files are available through Zenodo. Who is interested in the source code and further information, plese refers to GEOframe or the Github GEOframe components site). 
• A brief rehearsal of the matter given by Michele Bottazzi (M.B.) (YouTube)
• Estimation of solar radiation with JGrass-NewAGE components (YouTube) by M.B. Part I
• Estimation of solar radiation with JGrass-NewAGE components by M.B. (YouTube) Part II
12. T - Spatial interpolation of environmental data
• Some concepts about the spatial representation of environmental quantities (YouTube 2017)
• Simple Kriging (YouTube 2017) (This is more or less covered in Raspa work from page 75)
• More on variance and covariance (YouTube 2017)
• Further readings
• Dispense Geostatistica G. Raspa. 
• A. Bellin slides
13. L - Practical spatial interpolation of rainfall and temperature.  
• Data, sim files, etc 
• Video lectures by Marialaura Bancheri (Parte I, II e III)
14. T - Water in soils. - Darcy-Buckhingham law- Soil water retention curves and hydraulic conductivity. 
• Soils (YouTube 2017)
• Texture and Structure of soils (YouTube 2017)
• Aquifers (optional)
• Definitions (YouTube 2017)
• Darcy-Buckingham law (YouTube 2017)
• Soil Water RetentionCurves (YouTube 2017)
• Hydraulic Conductivity
• Conductivity in unsaturated soils
• Saturated conductivity
• Further readings
• Soil depth
• Soil Water Retention Curves
• The old post on soils
• Preferential flow in hillslopes
• Ning Lu's lectures on soil water
15. L - Numerical experiments on soil water retention curves and hydraulic conductivity.
• Soil Water Retention curves (data)
• Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (data)
16. T -  Richards equation and its extensions.
• Mass conservation - Richards equation (YouTube2017)
• Pedotransfer Functions (Used during the lab 15) - (YouTube2017)
• Simplifications of Richards 1D in a hillslope (YouTube2017)
• Phenomenology of infiltration (according to Richards equation) in a hillslope (YouTube2017)
• Macropores (Optional)
• Water Tables equations (Optional)
• Water in soils measures
• Notation Summary
• Further Readings (or view)
• Older presentation, slides and Audios
• Video talk given at a Summer School
• A lecture on this topic at Todini's Symposium (a little advanced)
• Preferential flows
• Bimodal Water retention Curves
• An R package for getting soil hydrology
• About the Petri Net representation of Richards 1d
17. L - Experiments with a Richards 1D simulator
• Readme First
• Data
• Notebooks: Input; Outputs
• Explanation of the sim file (YouTube by Niccolò Tubini: Part Ihttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3vGgHQXvTM and II)
• Executable, Source Code and Data
• Another Richards 1D solver
18. T - Elements of theory of evaporation from water and soils - Dalton. Penman-Monteith. Priestley-Taylor
• The Thermodynamical origin of evaporation (YouTube2017)
• Vapor transport by turbulence (YouTube2017)
• Evaporation from free water surfaces (YouTube2017)
• Evaporation from soils (YouTube2017)
• Penman-Monteith (YouTube2017)
• Further Readings
• About Drying Porous media
19. T - Estimation of evaporation and Transpiration at hillslope scale
• Transpiration (YouTube2017)
• Estimation of ET over large areas (YouTube2017)
• Evaporation and Transpiration from the energy budget (YouTube2017)
20. L -  Estimation of evaporation and transpiration at catchment scale
21. T - Water movements in a hillslope and runoff generation
• See the posts on runoff generation
• Hymod as an example of the "reservoirs" models (YouTube2017)
22. T - On the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle (YouTube2017)

Verifications and tests 2017

Questions of the 2017 intermediate test.
Grades of the intermediate test.

Introduzione alla geomorfologia

La geomorfometria è la scienza che studia in modo quantitativo la geomorfologia, specialmente attraverso l'uso dei nuovi strumenti digitali. Da anni ho sviluppato con i miei collaboratori degli strumenti (dei software) di analisi raccolti nella  Horton Machine.

La lezione è divisa in 5 parti:

1- Gli elementi di base. Audio  2014: (18.4 Mb). Audio 2015 (22.9 Mb)
2 - Le grandezze derivate. Audio 2014 (24 Mb). Audio 2015 (10.4 Mb)
3 - Dove iniziano i canali. Audio 2015 (12 Mb)
4 - La sintesi digitale delle conoscenze sui bacini idrografici. Audio 2015 (4.6 Mb)
5 -Leggi geomorfologiche, processi idrologici e geomorfologia, Audio 2014 (22.8 Mb). Audio 2015 (15.4 Mb)

Tutto il materiale di supporto sulla Horton Machine, già nominato sopra,  si trova in quest'altro post.

Bibliografia (citata nelle slides)

Broscoe, A.J., 1995, Quantitative analysis of longitudinal stream profiles of small watersheds, Office of Naval Research, Project NR 389-042, Technical Report No. 18, Department of Geology, Columbia University, New York.

Howard A.D., A detachment-limited model of drainage basin evolution, Water Resources Research, vol. 30, n. 7, p. 2261-2285, 1994.

Leopold, L.B., and Maddock, T., Jr, The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 252. 57p, 1953 

Maidment D.R., ed., Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources, ESRI Press, Redlands, Ca, 2002

Montgomery D.R. & Dietrich W.E., Channel initiation and the problem of landscape scale, Science, vol. 255, p. 826-830, 1992.

Moretti and Orlandini. Automatic delineation of drainage basins from elevation contour data using skeleton construction techniques.  (2007) pp. 1-39

Orlandini et al. On the prediction of channel heads in a complex alpine terrain using gridded elevation data. Water Resour. Res. (2011) vol. 47 (2) pp. W02538

Peckham S., New results for self-similar trees with applications to river networks, Water Resources Research, vol. 31, n. 4, p. 1023–1029, 1995

Peckham and Jordan. Digital Terrain Modelling. Lecture Notes In Geoinformation and cartography (2007) pp. 1-326

Rigon R., I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, A. Rinaldo, A. Maritan, A. Giacometti and D. Tarboton, On Hack's law, Water Resources Research, vol. 32, n. 11, p. 3367, 1996

Rigon R., Ghesla E., Tiso C. & Cozzini A., Cozzini The HORTON machine: a system for DEM analysis : the reference manual . Trento: Università di Trento. Dipartimento di ingegneria civile e ambientale, May 2006. - p. viii, 136, ISBN 10:88-8443-147-6, 

Rinaldo, A., Rodriguez-Iturbe I. and Rigon R., Channel networks, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 26, 289-327, 1998

Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. and Rinaldo, A.: Fractal River Basins. Chance and Self-Organization, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997.

Tarboton, D.G., A new method for the determination of flow directions and contributing areas in Grid Digital Elevation Models, Water Resources Research, vol. 33, n. 2, 309-319, http://www.engineering.usu.edu/cee/faculty/dtarb/dinf.pdf 

Tarboton, D.G., R.L. Bras and Rodriguez-Iturbe, 1992, A Physical Basis for Drainage Density, Geomorphology, vol. 5, n. 1/2

Venuleo, S., Analisi teoriche e di campo per la caratterizzazione di bacini idrografici montani,  Tesi di Laurea, Relatori: Rinaldo A., Passadorr, G., Padova, 2014

Wilson, J. P. and J. C. Gallant, (2000), Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 479 p.

Wood, J.D. (1996) The geomorphological characterisation of digital elevation models PhD Thesis, University of Leicester, UK

Un'Introduzione all'idrologia

Qui di seguito potete trovare introduzione al corso (Youtube).   L'introduzione all'idrologia come scienza fisica, è suddiviso in varie parti:

1 -  All'inizio fu l'acqua
2 -  I flussi idrologici e la risorsa idrica. Audio 2015: (6.2 MB)
3 -  I fenomeni estremi. Audio 2015: (7 Mb)
4 -  Il mezzo è il messaggio.  Audio 2015: (8.8 Mb)
5 -  L'informazione idrologica
6 -  Bilanci di Massa ed Energia. Audio 2014:  (11.8 Mb)
7 -  Il bilancio globale di Energia. Audio 2014 (6.3 Mb)
8 -  Variabilità spaziale del ciclo idrologico. Audio 2014 (8.3 Mb)
9 -  Scale temporali nel ciclo idrologico. Audio 2014:  (6.1 Mb)
10 -Budiko Analysis (YouTube Video)

(Una splendida introduzione alternativa, anche se non tecnologicamente up-to-date,  è la lettura dell'articolo "Evolution of modern  hydrology" di P. Eagleson,  WRR 1994.

Una visione complementare è anche offerta da "Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources", di T. Oki e S,. Kanae).

Per tornare al post principale qui.

Bibliografia

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., & Gleeson, T. (2012). Regional strategies for the accelerating global problem of groundwater depletion. Nature Geoscience, 5(12), 853–861. doi:10.1038/ngeo1617

Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., Roesch, T., and  Siebert, S. (2003). Global estimates of water withdrawals and availability under current and future “business-as-usual” conditions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 339–348. doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.339.45278

Amante C. & Eakins B.W., ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, United States Department of Commerce, Boulder, CO, August 2008. Available www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1sources.html

Ball, P. - H2O, a biography of water, Phoenix ed., 1999

Batjes N.H., ISRIC-WISE Harmonized Global Soil Profile Dataset (Ver. 3.1), Wageningen: ISRIC - World Soil Information, 2008 (ISRIC Report 2008/02) 

Baumgartner A. & Reichel E., The World Water Balance. Elsevier, New York, 179 p., 1975

Bertoldi, G., R. Rigon & T. M. Over, Impact of watershed geomorphic characteristics on the energy and water budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 389–403, 2006. 

Budyko M.I., Evaporation under natural conditions, Gidrometeorizdat, Leningrad (1948) English translation by IPST, Jerusalem .

Budyko M.I., Climate and life, transl. and edit. by Miller, D. H., Academic Press, London, 1974

Dingman S., Physical Hydrology, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1994.

Donohue RJ, Roderick M, McVicar TR. 2007. On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in Budyko’s hydrological model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 983–995.

Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40.

Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, NRC, 1986, 

Kwon, E. Y., G. Kim, F. Primeau, W. S. Moore, H.-M. Cho, T. DeVries, J. L. Sarmiento, M. A. Charette, and Y.-K. Cho (2014), Global estimate of submarine groundwater discharge based on an observationally constrained radium isotope model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8438–8444, doi:10.1002/ 2014GL061574.

Hijmans R.J., Condori B., Carillo R., Kropff M.J., A quantitative and constraint-specific method to assess the potential impact of new agricultural technology: the case of frost resistant potato for the Altiplano (Peru and Bolivia). Agricultural Systems, vol. 76, p. 895–911, 2005.

Holland, H. D. (2006). The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 361(1470), 903–915. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1838

"i mille fiumi" di Arrigo Boetti e Anna-marie Sauzeau-Boetti

Lehner B. & Doll P., Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology Volume, vol. 296, p. 1-22, 2004

Lenton, T. (1998). Gaia and natural selection. Nature, 394, 439-447.

Lin, B., Stackhouse P.V. Jr., Minnis P., Wielicki B.A., Hu Y., Sun W., Fan T.-F. &, Hinkelman L.M., Assessment of global annual atmospheric energy balance from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 113, D16114, doi:10.1029/2008JD009869, 2008

 Mitchell, J.M., an overview of climate variability and its causal mechanisms, Quaternary Res., 6, 481-493

Oki, T. (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources. Science, 313(5790), 1068–1072. doi:10.1126/science.1128845

Oldekop E., About evapotranspiration in riverine basins (in Russian). Jurjev (Tartu), 1911

Peixoto, J.P., and A. H., Oort, The Physics of Climate, AIP, 1992

Peixoto J.P. & Kettani M.A., The control of the water cycle, Sci. American, vol. 228, p. 46-61, 1973

Rabus B., Eineder M., Roth A. & Bamler R., The shuttle radar topography mission - a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, vol. 57, p. 241-262, 2003

Rigon R., Bertoldi G. & T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and energy budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 371- 388, 2006.

Serafin, F., Sull’analisi climatica del tirolo mediante modellazione geostatistica e ricerca dei parametri per la descrizione di funzioni climatiche stagionali, tesi di laurea triennale, realtori R. Rigon e Matteo Dall’Amico, 2011

Shiklomanov I.A. & Sokolov A.A., Methodological basis of world water balance investigation and computation. In: New Approaches in Water Balance Computations. IAHS Publ. no. 148, p. 77-90, 1983

Shiklomanov, I. A. (2000). World water resources: a new appraisal and assessment for the 21st century; 1998, 1–40.

Simoni S., F. Zanotti, G. Bertoldi & R. Rigon, Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS, Hydrol. Proc., vol. 22, n. 4, p. 532-545, 2007.

Voisin, N., Wood, A. W., & Lettenmaier, D. P. (2008). Evaluation of Precipitation Products for Global Hydrological Prediction. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9(3), 388–407. doi:10.1175/2007JHM938.1

Vörösmarty, C. J. (2000). Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth. Science, 289(5477), 284–288. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.284

Wallace J.M. & Hobbs P.V., Atmospheric Science An Introductory Survey. Academic Press. New York. 467pp., 1997

Zhang L., Dawes W.R. & Walker G.R., Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes at catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., vol. 37, p. 701–708, 2001. 

Snow (Neve)

As I did for the other "theoretical" part of my classes, I split here the old slides, in Italian indeed, in parts. Questo per un più semplice accoppiamento delle slides con l'audio delle lezioni.

• Precipitazioni nevose (chi volesse approfondire la termodinamica della formazione dei cristalli di neve veda qui). Audio 2014 (7.9 Mb). Audio 2015 (32.5 Mb)
• Metamorfismi e bilancio energetico (eventually to be split in two parts). Audio 2014 (26.9 Mb). Audio 2015: Metamorfsmi (6.4 Mb). Bilancio Energetico (14.7 Mb) 
• Bilancio di radiazione e di Energia. Audio (24.5 Mb)
• La produzione del deflusso
• (to be added) Modelli semplificati di Bilancio della Neve 
• Misure di neve

Alcuni webinar (seminari via web) in inglese, sulla neve sono indicizzati qui.

Water in Soil and Aquifers (mostly the first and in Italian)

This post collects the slides about water in soil (and some very short note about aquifers) for my class of Hydrology (they are in Italian). The old version was replaced by a series of short presentations:
   

1. I suoli. Audio 2014  (23.6 Mb). Audio 2015 (28.7 Mb)
2. Le falde. Audio 2014 (5.9 Mb). Audio 2015 (7 Mb)
3. Definizioni. Audi0 2014 (4.1 Mb). Audio 2015 (5.4 Mb)
4. Darcy-Buckingham. Audio 2014 (16.3 Mb). Audio 2015 (14.5 Mb)
5. Le curve di ritenzione idrica. Audio 2014 (21.7 Mb). Audio 2015: a (14.3 Mb); b (5.8 Mb)
6. La conducibilità idraulica. Audio 2014 (16.8 Mb). Audio 2015:  a (5.7 Mb); b (5.8 Mb)
7. L'equazione di Richards. Audio 2014 (15.4 Mb). Audio 2015 (18.1 Mb)
8. Le pedotransfer function. Audio 2014 (8.2 Mb). Audio 2015 (6.1 Mb)
9. Semplificazioni dell'equazione di Richards in un versante. Audio 2014 (11.9 Mb). Audio 2015 (18.4 Mb)
10. Richards 1D (una soluzione analitica). Audio (10.9 Mb)
11. Richards 3D (la fenomenologia e alcune interpretazioni ottenute grazie alla soluzione numerica). Audio 2014 (9.4 Mb).  Audio 2015 (11 Mb)
12. Un pò sull'effetto del substrato eterogeneo e sui macropori (sui macropori si veda anche questo post e la letteratura ivi citata). Audio 2014 (7.2 Mb).  Audio 2015 (7.8 Mb)
13. L'equazione delle acque sotterranee. Audio 2015 (5.7 Mb)
14. Misure 
15. Notazione

A video (in English) on some of the above arguments (almost the same slides), can be found here.
 Qui anche delle note, non del tutto up-to-date rispetto alle slides, ma utili da leggere.

Bibliografia

Abbott M., J. Bathurst, J. Cunge, and P. O'Connell. An introduction to the European hydrological system "Systeme Hydrologique Europeén" SHE, 1: History and philosophy of a physically-based distributed modelling system. J. Hydrol., vol. 87, p.4559, 1986a. 

Abbott M., J. Bathurst, J. Cunge, and P. O'Connell. An introduction to the european hydrological system "Systeme Hydrologique Europeén" SHE, 2: Structure of a physically based, distributed modelling system. J. Hydrol., vol. 87, p. 6177, 1986b.

ASCE, Hydrology Handbook. ASCE Manuals and Reports of Engineering Practice, n.28, 1996

Baver, Gardner e Gardner, 1972

Beven K.J. & M.J. Kirkby, A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology, Hydrological Science Bulletin, vol. 24, p. 43-69, 1979

Black and Dunne, 1978  Dunne T., Field studies of hillslope processes. In Hillslope Hydrology, Kirkby MJ (ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Ltd: New York, p. 227-289, 1978 ( Dunne T, Black R., An experimental investigation of runoff production in permeable soils. Water Resources Research, vol. 6, p. 478-499, 1970) 

Bouma, Pedotransfer function (PTF), Survey data for quantitative land evaluation, 1989

Brooks, R.H., and A.T. Corey. 1964. Hydraulic properties of porous media. Civil Engineering Dept., Colorado State University, Hydrological Paper 3. Fort Collins, CO, USA.

Brooks R.H. & Corey A.T., Properties of Porous Media Affecting Fluid Flow, J. Irrig. Drain. Div., vol. 6, n.61, 1966

Brutsaert, W. (2005), Hydrology: An Introduction, 1st ed., 618 pps., Cambridge University Press, USA.

Buckingham E., Studies on the movement of soil moisture. Bull 38 USDA, Bureau of Soils, Washington DC, 1907

Calzolari C. & Ungaro F., I modelli MACRO e SOILN: l'esperienza del progetto SINA-Carta pedologica in aree a rischio ambientale. In Modellistica e qualità ambientale dei suoli, RTI CTN SSC 1/2001, ANPA Agenzia Nazionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente, p. 79-103, 2001.

Carsel R.F., & Parrish R. S., Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics.’’ Water Resour. Res., vol. 24, 755–769, 1988.

Carslaw H.S. & J.C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids. In: , Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, p. 510, 1959.

Childs E.C. & Colis-George N.C., The permeability of porous materials. Proc. Royal Soc. A, vol. 201, pp. 392-405, 1950 

Chahal R.S. & Yong R.N., Validity of the soil water characteristics determined with the pressurized apparatus. Soil Sci., vol. 99, 98-103, 1965

Clapp R.B., & G.M. Hornberger, Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties, Water Resour. Res., vol. 14, n. 4, 601-604, 1978.

Cordano E., R. Rigon, A perturbative view on the subsurface water pressure response at hillslope scale, Water Resour. Res., vol. 44, W05407, doi:10.1029/2006WR005740, 2008

Cosby B.J., Homberger G.M., Clapp R.B. & Glinn T.R., A statistical exploration of the relationships of soil moisture characteristics to the physical properties of soils, Water Resour. Res., vol. 20, p. 682-690, 1984.

Darcy H., Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon : exposition et application des principes à suivre et des formules à employer dans les questions de distribution d'eau (Parigi : V. Dalmont, 1856)

Ghislain De Marsily, Quantitative Hydrogeology: Groundwater Hydrology for Engineers, Academic Press, p. 00464, Maggio 1986, ISBN: 9780122089169

Dingman, S.L. (2008), Physical Hydrology, Waveland Press, Inc., 2nd ed, 656 pp., Waveland Press, Inc., Illinois.

Montgomery, D. R., and W. E. Dietrich (1994), A physically based model for the topographic control on shallow landsliding, Water Resour. Res., 30(4), 1153–117

D’Odorico P., Fagherazzi, S. e Rigon R., Potential for landsliding: Dependence on hyetograph characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 110, F01007, doi:10.1029/2004JF000127, 2005.

Dunne, T. and L.B. Leopold (1978), Water in Environmental Planning, 1st ed., 818 pps., W.H. Freeman, Cranbury, NJ.

Gardner W.R., Some steady-state solutions of unsaturated moisture flow equations with application to evaporation from a water table, Soil Sci., vol. 85, p.228–232, 1958.

Gupta S.C. & Larson W.E., Estimating soil water retention characteristics from particle size distribution, organic matter percent and bulk density, Water Resources Research, vol. 15, p. 1633-1635, 1979

Marshall T. J. & J.W. Holmes, Soil Physics (second edition) by published by Cambridge University Press, 1988

Iverson R.M., Landslide triggering by rain infiltration IN: Water Resources Research, July 2000, vol.36, n. 7, p.1897-1910, 2000 

Kevorkian, J,  Partial Differential Equations: Analytical Solution Techniques, Springer Verlag,

1993

Mays (2005), Water Resources Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

McLaren R. and K. Cameron (1996), Soil Science: Sustainable Production and Environmental Protection, 2nd ed., 324 pp., Oxford University Press, USA.

Micheli, E., 2004 http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/ 

Micheli, E., The World Reference Base for Soil Resources, JRC, Ispra, 2004

Micheli, E., Changing Concepts in Soil Classification, History and structure of WRB, JRC, Ispra, 2004

Micheli, E., Soil Reference Groups of WRB and related diagnostic criteria, Organic soils - Histosols, JRC, Ispra, 2004

Micheli, E., Mineral Soils Conditioned by Parent Material - Arenosols, Vertisols, JRC, Ispra, 2004

Micheli, E., Mineral Soils Conditioned by Topogaphic Setting - Fluvisols, Gleysols (Erika Micheli, JRC, Ispra), 2004

Micheli, E. Mineral Soils Conditioned by (semi-) Arid Climate - Solonchak, Solonetz, JRC, Ispra, 2004

Micheli, E, Mineral Soils Conditioned by permafrost - Cryosols, JRC, Ispra, 2004

Montgomery D.R. and W.E. Dietrich, Channel initiation and the problem of landscape scale, Science, vol. .255, p. 826-830, 1992.

Montgomery, D. R; Dietrich, W. E. (1995) Hydrologic processes in a low-gradient source area Water Resources Research, vol.31, no.1, pp.1-10, Jan 1995

Mualem Y., A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res., vol. 12, 513–522, 1976

Nemes, A. and Rawls, W. J Evaluating of different representations of the particles size distribution to predict soil water retention. Geoderma (2006) (132) pp. 47-58

 G. Passadore, Modello matematico dei flusso nei sistemi acquiferi del Veneto Centrale, Tesi di dottorato, Università di Padova, (Supervisore, Prof. Andrea Rinaldo), 2008

Perret, J., Prasher, S. O., Kantzas, A. and Langford, C. (1999), Three-Dimensional Quantification of Macropore Networks in Undisturbed Soil Cores, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63: 1530-1543.

Rawls W.J., D.L. Brakenseik, & K.E. Saxton, Estimation of soil water properties, Trans. ASAE, vol.  25, p. 1316-1320, 1982.

Rawls W.J. & D.L. Brakensiek. Estimation of soil retention and hydraulic properties. Book chapter in Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modeling, edited by Morel-Seytoux. P. 275-300, 1989

Rawls et al, 1992 Rawls W.J., Brakensiek D.L. & Logsdon S.D., Predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity utilizing fractal principles, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 57,  p. 1193–1197, 1993

Richards L.A., Capillary conduction of liquids in porous mediums. Physics, vol. 1, pp. 318–333, 1931

A. Rinaldo (responsabile scientifico),  L. Altissimo, M. Putti, G. Passadore, M. Monego, A. Sottani, Modello matematico di flusso nei sistemi acquiferi dei territori dell'autorità d'ambito territoriale ottimale "A.T.O. Brenta", Prima Relazione Intermedia, 2008

A. Rinaldo (responsabile scientifico),  L. Altissimo, M. Putti, G. Passadore, M. Monego, A. Sottani, Modello matematico di flusso nei sistemi acquiferi dei territori dell'autorità d'ambito territoriale ottimale "A.T.O. Brenta", Seconda Relazione Intermedia, 2009

A. Rinaldo (responsabile scientifico),  L. Altissimo, M. Putti, G. Passadore, M. Monego, A. Sottani, Modello matematico di flusso nei sistemi acquiferi dei territori dell'autorità d'ambito territoriale ottimale "A.T.O. Brenta", Relazione Finale, 2010

Romano N. & A. Santini, Effectiveness of using pedo-transfer functions to quantify the spatial variability of soil water retention characteristics. Journal of Hydrology, vol. 202, n. 1/4, p. 137-157, 1997

Saxton K.E., W.J. Rawls, J.S. Romberger & R.I. Papendick , Estimating generalized soil–water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 50, p. 1031–1036, 1986

Sheinost A.C., Sinowski W., Aerswald K., Regionalization of soil buffering functions: a new concept applied to K/Ca exchange curves, Adv,. GeoEcology, vol. 30, p. 23-28, 1997

 Simoni, 2007 (Equazione di Richards 1-D)

Simunek J., M. Sejna, M.Th. van Genuchten, Hydrus-1D for Windows, Version 4.xx, http://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?hydrus-1d

Su e Brooks, 1965

Taylor, S. A., and G. L. Ashcroft (1972), Physical edaphology:The physics of irrigated and nonirrigated soils, 2nd ed., 533 pp.,W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 

Targulian, V.O. Self-organization of soil systems, time scales and ecological significance of pedogenics processes, eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Events/Visiting.../Targulian_self_org.pdf, 2005

Todini E., Rainfall-runoff modeling- Past, present and future., J. Hydrol, vol. 100, p. 341-352, 1988

Tholin A.L. & Chen I. Kufer, The Hydrology of Urban Runoff, Proc. ASCE J. Sanitary Eng. Div., vol. 84, n. SA2 56, 1959

Ungaro F. & Calzolari C., Using existing soil databases for estimating water-retention properties for soils of the Pianura Padano-Veneta region of North Italy. Geoderma, vol. 99, p. 99-121, 2001 

van Genuchten, M. Th., A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 44, p. 892-898, 1980

van Genuchten, M. Th., F. J. Leij, and S. R. Yates, The RETC Code for Quantifying the Hydraulic Functions of Unsaturated Soils, Version 1.0. EPA Report 600/2-91/065, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Riverside, California, 1991

Vereecken H.J. Maes, J. Feyen & P. Darius, Estimating the soil moisture retention characteristics from texture, bulk density and carbon content. Soil Sci., vol. 148, p. 389–403, 1989

Vetterlein E., Bezjehungen zwischen hydraulischer Leitfahigkeit und Boden-wassergehalt in Sandlehm, Lehm- und Tonsubstraten, Archiv Acker-u. Planzenb. u. Bodenkd, vol. 27, pp. 417-426, 1989

 Warrick  A.W., Soil Water Dynamics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003. Hardbound, 391 pp. ISBN 0-19-512605-X

Weiler, M. (2001), Mechanisms controlling macropore flow during infiltration - dye tracer experiments and simulations, Diss. ETHZ No. 14237, Zürich, Switzerland. 

Web 

SOILPAR: By Acutis and Donatelli

ROSETTA: , uses artificial neural networks, last accessed, 2009- 11-01 

http://eusoils.jrc.it, last accessed, 2009-10-29

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html, last accessed, 2009-10-29

Il corso di Idrologia (My hydrology class)

In questa pagina, aggiornandola costantemente, carico il materiale del corso di Idrologia per gli Studenti della laurea triennale di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, prodotto da me, da Giuseppe Fornetta e da altri collaboratori. Le slides saranno visibili pubblicamente a tutti e caricate su Slideshare (e non vanno confuse con quelle dei corsi passati) dal quale si potranno scaricare liberamente. I documenti pdf dovranno essere scaricati direttamente senza un preview.   Il materiale è distribuito con licenza Creative Commons.

Material is in Italian. However, I will provide soon a page where all of it will be quietly translated in English (older versions can be found at: http://www.slideshare.net/SlidesAboutHydrology/presentations/).

1   - Introduzione al Corso
2   - Introduzione all'idrologia
3   - Introduzione alla geomorfologia e alla delineazione dei bacini idrografici
4   -  Introduzione ai GIS e ai JGrasstools^0. Usare QGIS.
5   - Misura e rappresentazione dei dati idrologici.
6   - Inferenza e statistica descrittiva. Audio 2014 (24.5 M). Audio 2015 (30.7 Mb). Una guida a fumetti sull'argomento.
7   - Un ripasso di probabilità.
8   -  Introduzione ad R (the old slides; the new scripts). Un paio di dispense utili: I e II)^1^2
9   - Le precipitazioni
10 - Un po' di interpolazione spaziale (ho usato le slides di M. Alberti). La dispensa di G. Raspa è un'ottima introduzione alla geostatistica. Audio (24 Mb)
11 - L'acqua nei suoli e nel sottosuolo (a cui è dedicato un nuovo post)
12 - La generazione del deflusso superficiale
 *  - Deflusso superficiale
 *  - Deflussi nei canali
13 - La radiazione solare (una piu' recente versione, delle slides, ma in inglese, si trova qui)
14 - L'evapotraspirazione.
15 - La neve in quattro parti
16 - Effetti del cambiamento climatico sull'idrologia
______________________________________________________________________________
Fuori Programma:

17 - La moderna teoria dell'idrogramma Istantaneo Unitario e il modello Peakflow (e la sua teoria)
18 - Elementi di telerilevamento (Claudio Persello): I e II
19 - Qualcosa di (relativamente) semplice sul franamento a scala di bacino
______________________________________________________________________________


QUI I RISULTATI DELLA PROVA INTERMEDIA 2012
QUI I RISULTATI DELLA PROVA INTERMEDIA 2013
QUI I RISULTATI DELLA PROVA INTERMEDIA 2014
QUI I RISULTATI DELLA PROVA INTERMEDIA 2016
______________________________________________________________________________

Alcune relazioni di esempio:

Relazione geomorfologica

Le relazioni sono state calcolate con i JGrasstools e non tutte le analisi potrebbero essere ottenibili con altri software.

Serafin-Ridolfi (91 Mb).
Fedrizzi-Zurlo (6.1 Mb)
Trombini-Djisseko-Dziali (14.2 Mb)

Relazione pluviometrica (con R)

Vieceli (3.7 Mb)
Lena-Santoni (2.2. MB)
Cumer-Nessenzia (1.4 Mb)

______________________________________________________________________________
^* Domande del test intermedio 2012
     Domande del test intermedio 2013
     Domande del test intermedio 2016

^0  - Qui trovate alcuni DEM per esercitarvi e per confrontare, nel caso, i vostri risultati:  il rio Valpiana (100 Mb)

^1 - Il mio post su R può servire per partire. Sul sito di R si trovano varie risorse per imparare ad usare R. Un gruppo italiano di utenti di R è Rante e li' vi si trova anche un manuale introduttivo ad R.  Tra gli altri strumenti, in inglese, ci sono quelli che potete trovare qui.   I contributi ad R si susseguono così velocemente che ogni giorno ce ne sono di migliori. Quindi tenete d'occhio il web. C'e' anche una versione del libro di Matloff, The Art of R programming.

^2 -  Trovate al link il file delle portate 1990-2005.txt  e il file della Pluviometria di Paperopoli (Unix/Mac o  MS-Windows) utilizzati a lezione. Qui, invece,  lo script di R con tutti i comandi eseguiti nella lezione del 2 Aprile 2012