Sunday, May 25, 2025

Five papers representing my research decade 2015-2024

Ten years ago I wrote a blogspot paper that contained five reference papers of mine. Or, as I wrote, five papers that represented my earlier research. If I have to choose other 5 papers for the most recente decade, I would chose the following. 

Rigon R., Bancheri M., Green T., Age-ranked hydrological budgets and a travel time description of catchment hydrology, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4929-4947, 2016

This paper introduces the concept of age-ranked hydrological budgets as a novel framework for understanding catchment water storage and release mechanisms. The work demonstrates how water age distributions can be used to characterize catchment behavior and link storage-discharge relationships with travel time theory. The approach provides a physically-based method for interpreting hydrological responses that bridges the gap between traditional storage-based and travel time-based descriptions of catchment hydrology. The mathematical framework presented offers new insights into how different water ages contribute to streamflow generation and storage dynamics. This contribution represents, IMHO,  a significant clarification of  the travel time in catchment hydrology theory with important implications for water resource management and hydrological modeling. In perspective, some parts of this paper are better treated in subsequent parts, but this was the starting point. For an alternative, maybe more mature, view of the subject, view also the blogpost here

Rigon, Riccardo, Giuseppe Formetta, Marialaura Bancheri, Niccolò Tubini, Concetta D'Amato, Olaf David, and Christian Massari. 2022. HESS Opinions: Participatory Digital Earth Twin Hydrology Systems (DARTHs) for Everyone: A Blueprint for Hydrologists. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences.

This opinion paper presents a visionary blueprint for developing participatory Digital Earth Twin Hydrology Systems (DARTHs) that democratize access to advanced hydrological modeling capabilities. The work advocates for open-source, component-based modeling frameworks that enable collaborative development and knowledge sharing across the global hydrological community. We propose a paradigm shift toward more inclusive and participatory approaches to hydrological modeling, emphasizing the importance of reproducible science and community-driven development. The paper outlines the technical and social infrastructure needed to support such systems, including considerations for data sharing, model interoperability, and user engagement. This contribution provides a roadmap for transforming hydrological modeling from isolated research activities into collaborative, community-based endeavors that can better serve societal needs.

Tubini, Niccolò, and Riccardo Rigon. 2022. Implementing the Water, HEat and Transport Model in GEOframe (WHETGEO-1D v.1.0): Algorithms, Informatics, Design Patterns, Open Science Features, and 1D Deployment. Geoscientific Model Development 15 (1): 75-104.

This paper presents the comprehensive implementation of WHETGEO-1D, a physically-based model for simulating coupled water, heat, and solute transport in variably saturated soils within the GEOframe modeling system. The work demonstrates advanced software engineering practices applied to geoscientific modeling, including object-oriented design patterns, component-based architecture, and reproducible computational workflows. The model implements sophisticated numerical solutions for Richards' equation coupled with heat and solute transport, providing a robust tool for understanding subsurface processes. The paper emphasizes open science principles through detailed documentation, version control, and community-accessible code repositories that facilitate model reuse and collaborative development. 

D'Amato, Concetta, and Riccardo Rigon. 2025. Elementary Mathematics Helps to Shed Light on the Transpiration Budget under Water Stress. Ecohydrology: Ecosystems, Land and Water Process Interactions, Ecohydrogeomorphology 18 (2).

This paper employs elegant mathematical analysis to illuminate the fundamental relationships governing plant transpiration under water stress conditions. The work demonstrates how relatively simple mathematical formulations can provide profound insights into complex ecohydrological processes, particularly the trade-offs between water use and carbon assimilation. We develop analytical solutions that reveal the underlying mechanisms driving transpiration responses to drought stress, offering new perspectives on plant-water interactions. The mathematical framework presented provides a foundation for understanding how vegetation adapts its water use strategies under varying environmental conditions. This contribution bridges theoretical ecology and practical water management by providing clear mathematical descriptions of transpiration dynamics that can inform both scientific understanding and agricultural applications.

D'Amato, Concetta, Niccolò Tubini, and Riccardo Rigon. 2025. A Component Based Modular Treatment of the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum: The GEOSPACE Framework (v.1.2.9). GMDD.

This paper introduces GEOSPACE, a comprehensive modeling framework that treats the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum as an integrated system using component-based software architecture. The work represents an advancement in ecohydrological modeling by providing modular, interoperable components that can simulate complex interactions between soil water, plant physiology, and atmospheric processes. The framework is a blueprint representing the state-of-the-art  of plant hydraulics, stomatal regulation, and soil-root interactions within a flexible, extensible software environment. The component-based design allows researchers to customize model configurations for specific applications while maintaining scientific rigor and computational efficiency. 

In the decade I co-authored other relevant papers. You can find them by browsing this blog @Accepted papers  They were concerned mainly with applications and data analysis, while the above papers are more theoretical-numerical investigations. In fact I did not published very much, against the current tendency, but most of my papers represent a step in doing better and understanding better hydrological modeling. 

Tuesday, May 20, 2025

Po River Basin's Changing Hydro-Climatology (1991-2020) and Future Activities to Prevent Projected Effects on Po Valley Agriculture

This presentation examines preliminary results on the changing hydro-climatology of the Po River Basin from 1991-2020 and its implications for agriculture in northern Italy's Po Valley, representing collaborative work between the University of Trento, Portland State University, and various Italian research organizations.

Key Climate Findings and Scientific Limitations

The core message draws from a referenced Nature Climate Change paper: "More Green and Less Blue Water in the Alps during Warmer Summers," reflecting how global warming increases evapotranspiration (ET) while reducing summer river water availability. The Alps, serving as the region's "water towers," show significant hydrological changes with climate impacts varying by elevation and geographic position across different Alpine subregions.

Critical Reproducibility and Methodological Gaps

However, these results face significant reproducibility challenges. The original study's underlying data were not redistributed, and computational workflows remain unrecorded, hampering independent verification. More fundamentally, the models exhibit important scientific limitations affecting conclusion reliability.

The hydrological models inadequately represent crucial feedbacks between soil-plant systems and the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)—particularly important in Alpine environments where local topography, vegetation, and atmospheric processes create complex coupling mechanisms. Without proper representation, models may misestimate evapotranspiration rates and warming responses.

Additionally, the research overlooked critical plant physiological responses to global warming. As CO₂ concentrations and temperatures rise, plants exhibit adaptive responses including changes in stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic capacity. These physiological adjustments can substantially modify transpiration rates and water cycling, potentially altering the "more green water" conclusions.

The STRADIVARI Project Response

These methodological concerns motivated the STRADIVARI project formulation, which will address reproducibility issues through open science practices with fully documented workflows and redistributable datasets. STRADIVARI aims to incorporate:

  • Coupled soil-plant-atmosphere modeling with explicit ABL feedbacks
  • Physiologically-based plant responses to elevated CO₂ and temperature
  • Multi-scale interactions from leaf-level processes to catchment-scale hydrology

The current Po Project partially addresses these limitations by developing comprehensive datasets and model frameworks, though full integration of plant physiological responses and ABL coupling remains work in progress.

Snow Water Equivalent Analysis: Unprecedented Scale with Critical Limitations

The research provides comprehensive Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) data at 500m spatial resolution with daily temporal coverage from 1991-2021—an unprecedented systematic approach to regional snow monitoring. Peak SWE averages 3.34 Gm³ annually, revealing concerning elevation-dependent trends.

Elevation-Dependent Changes and ERA5 Bias Concerns

The 30-year analysis shows dramatic decreases in snow water storage at lower elevations: 28.4% reduction at 0-500m, 21.7% at 500-1000m, and 23.3% at 1000-1500m. Conversely, highest elevations (2500-4500m) show increases of 5.9-9.4%.

However, high-elevation results require careful interpretation due to methodological constraints. Ground-based meteorological stations are sparse at high elevations, necessitating ERA5 reanalysis precipitation data incorporation. Subsequent validation reveals ERA5 likely overestimates high-elevation precipitation, potentially creating artificial increases in modeled snow accumulation above 2500m.

This bias is particularly concerning as independent glaciological surveys suggest actual snow and ice losses even at high elevations, contradicting ERA5-informed analysis. The discrepancy highlights fundamental challenges in mountain hydrology where climate change impacts may be most pronounced but observational data are scarcest.

Implications for Reanalysis Data Usage

These findings provide important cautionary notes for uncritical ERA5 usage in complex mountain terrain. While ERA5 represents advanced global reanalysis, its coarse spatial resolution and interpolation methods may inadequately capture steep gradients and local meteorological processes in Alpine environments. The systematic high-elevation precipitation overestimation demonstrates that ERA5 requires careful validation and bias correction for mountain hydrological studies.

The work underscores critical needs for expanded high-elevation observational networks and improved methods for integrating ground-truth data with reanalysis products, including elevation-specific bias correction techniques.

Hydrological Modeling: Multi-Model Challenges and Uncertainties

As a 4DHydro project outcome, the research employs six hydrological models (TETIS-PO, clm_Rhine, WFLOW-PO, GEOframe-PO, mHM-PO, and PCR-2007PO) to analyze basin water quantities and understand hydrological processes and climate variability responses.

Evapotranspiration Estimation Concerns

The multi-model comparison reveals critical issues warranting examination. Five models consistently estimate ET around 500 mm annually with remarkably constant interannual values, likely reflecting oversimplified responses to stable radiation inputs rather than realistic representation of complex evapotranspiration factors.

This temporal constancy is problematic since real evapotranspiration should exhibit greater interannual variability driven by soil moisture availability, vegetation phenology, atmospheric demand, and temperature fluctuations. The models' failure to capture this variability suggests deficiencies in soil-plant-atmosphere interaction representation.

GEOframe-NewAge exhibits different behavior with more temporal variability but unrealistically low ET estimates. Based on regional expectations, ET should represent 30-40% of annual precipitation. The majority of models better align with these expectations, suggesting GEOframe's estimates may reflect calibration issues or structural limitations.

Model Uncertainty and Validation Needs

These simulations used relatively coarse calibration procedures. More refined approaches incorporating multiple objective functions and longer periods could yield considerably different results. The current analysis likely underestimates true model uncertainty ranges and improvement potential through systematic parameter optimization.

The presentation would benefit from systematic model intercomparison, particularly side-by-side graphical comparisons of simulated versus observed discharges to highlight differences and reveal systematic biases. Such analysis would identify models that consistently over- or under-predict flows across different seasons and conditions.

The observed differences between simulated and measured discharges at annual scales raise important concerns about model reliability for operational applications. For water management, agricultural planning, and climate adaptation, greater precision is essential. Current uncertainty levels may be insufficient for supporting critical infrastructure investments or policy decisions requiring reliable hydrological projections.

Agricultural Implications: Data Quality Concerns and Future Directions

While not directly addressing agriculture yet, the research outlines clear connections through planned Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) analysis at catchment and 1km² scales for both control periods and future projections.

Critical Assessment of Irrigation Data Reliability

A referenced irrigation study shows how intensive irrigation helped buffer groundwater declines in European breadbasket regions, including the Po Valley, suggesting current agricultural practices are adapting to changing water availability. However, significant concerns exist regarding underlying irrigation data reliability.

The fundamental challenge lies in absent comprehensive ground-truth validation for Po Valley irrigation estimates. Current datasets typically rely on remote sensing products, statistical models, and administrative records—each carrying substantial uncertainties that compound when integrated.

Remote sensing approaches face inherent limitations including cloud contamination, mixed pixel effects, and difficulty distinguishing irrigation from natural soil moisture variations. Administrative records often lack spatial precision and may not reflect actual versus permitted irrigation rates. Statistical gap-filling models introduce additional uncertainty layers rarely adequately quantified.

Methodological Concerns in Earth Observation Applications

This exemplifies broader Earth Observation community concerns where tendency exists to advance rapidly toward novel applications without adequately addressing fundamental data quality issues. This "run forward" approach assumes intermediate data products are sufficiently reliable when substantial uncertainties may remain unresolved.

While the irrigation mapping community has made significant algorithmic and multi-sensor fusion progress, methodological innovation emphasis sometimes outpaces systematic validation work needed to establish accuracy levels under different environmental and agricultural conditions.

Path Forward for Agricultural Applications

The Po Valley would benefit enormously from systematic ground-truth irrigation surveys providing validation frameworks for improving remote sensing products. Such surveys should include direct measurements of irrigation timing, volumes, and spatial coverage across representative agricultural areas.

Future work should prioritize robust validation frameworks before advancing to complex integrated analyses, including ground-truth irrigation monitoring networks, systematic accuracy assessments, and uncertainty propagation methods throughout analytical chains.

Future Outlook and Adaptive Strategies

The findings paint a concerning picture for Po Valley agriculture. Reduced snowpack at critical elevations means less water storage for summer irrigation when crops need it most. Combined with increased evapotranspiration from warming temperatures, this creates significant water stress scenarios for one of Europe's most important agricultural regions.

However, the research represents crucial groundwork for developing adaptive strategies to maintain agricultural productivity facing accelerating climate change impacts on Alpine water resources. The honest assessment of limitations demonstrates appropriate scientific conservatism essential for complex mountain hydrological systems where observational uncertainties significantly impact climate change conclusions.

Success will require addressing fundamental data quality issues, improving model representations of critical processes, and establishing robust validation frameworks before advancing to policy-relevant applications. Only through such rigorous approaches can the scientific community provide reliable information needed for sustainable water management in agricultural regions facing climate pressures.

Wednesday, May 14, 2025

Biosphere Atmosphere Climate Interactions lab 2025

Go to the Theory and Concepts page

This page contains the laboratory materials for the BACI2025 course, specifically covering the sections I oversee. The laboratory sessions build upon concepts from the hydrology class while extending into more advanced simulations, including applications of the GEOSPACE system.  GEOSPACE is based upon GEOframe is an open-source, component-based hydrological modeling framework developed primarily by researchers in Italy. It's designed to be modular and flexible, allowing researchers to combine different hydrological processes and models.

Installations
Generalities about the Object Modelling System

OMS3 (Object Modeling System 3) is a Java-based environmental modeling framework developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Colorado State University. It's designed to facilitate the development, integration, and deployment of environmental and agricultural models.

OMS Project that will be used
WHETGEO specifically focuses on simulating the coupled processes of water and heat transport, which are crucial for understanding: Soil moisture dynamics, Evapotranspiration processes, Energy balance at the land surface, Groundwater-surface water interactions, Snow and ice processes (where temperature is critical)
  • Exploring a WHETGEO project. Everything is explained in the WHETGEO1D_RichardsCoupled_Computational_grid notebook (Vimeo2025)
  •  Please also browse directly the files:
    • The grid file: ex00_grid.csv , Initial Conditions: ex00_ic.csv, Parameters: (for van Genuchten): Richards_VG.csv, Dictionary: dictionary.csv (Vimeo2025)
    • WHETGEO1D.sim (Vimeo2025)
  • Analysis of WHETGEO1D.sim (Vimeo2025)
  • To run WHETGEO use the Runner_WHETGEO.ipynb notebook (Vimeo 2025)
    • Please observe that the oms.py file needs to be in the same folder than the Notebook
  • How to visualize and interpret the data through the Visualize_output.ipynb Notebook (Vimeo 2025)
  • Utilities:
    • To proper formatting (according to OMS3) rainfall files, peruse the TimeSeriesFormatter.ipynb Notebook (Vimeo2025)
    • How to create an empty TimeSeries using TimeSeriesCreator.ipynb (Vimeo2025) 
RADIATION ESTIMATION is preliminary to any Evapotranspiration estimation since our models use it as input. The estimation of radiation, as it results from the theory, needs a few GIS operations to determine the sky view factor and the aspect of the terrain in the point of interest. These operation for the present exercise are skipped and pre-analyzed data are provided. 
  • Please see the 05_NET.sim file in the project's simulation folder (Vimeo2025)
  • Inputs are in Input_Radiation.ipynb (Vimeo2025)
  • Outputs are in the Output_Radiation.ipynb (Vimeo2025)
  • The simulation runner is Runner_NetRadiation.ipynb (Vimeo2025)
GEOET
  • What is GEOET ?
  • Exploring a GEOET project
  • What is required by GEOET
  • How to visualize and interpret the data
GEOSPACE
  • What is GEOSPACE ?
  • Exploring a GEOSPACE project
  • What is required by GEOSPACE
  • How to visualize and interpret the data


REFERENCES

Saturday, May 10, 2025

A CV template for postdocs that I like

I frequently receive PhD applications with standardized EuroPass CVs. While these formats have their place, I find they often lack personality and fail to effectively showcase a candidate's unique qualities. Even when institutions explicitly request standardized formats, these templates rarely help applicants stand out.
Previously, I've written about the differences between CVs and resumes, and shared my own CV on this blog. However, as a senior academic, my format may not be ideal for early-career researchers. 
Recently, I collaborated with one of my former PhD students to refine her curriculum vitae for postdoctoral applications. She created a format that effectively highlights her qualifications while demonstrating alignment with potential supervisors' research directions. I'm sharing this template below as a resource for prospective postdoc candidates.

Important advice: Always tailor your research plans to align with those of the principal investigator issuing the call for which you are writing your resume. Failing to do this significantly undermines your application's chances of success.

While your past achievements matter—they demonstrate your capability to complete projects—what's truly critical is how your future goals complement mine. Unless you've accomplished truly exceptional work (landmark publications or breakthroughs), focus more on articulating how your skills and interests will contribute to advancing our shared research objectives.



Please you can find here:
The formatting can be improved since I did not dedicate all the time it needed. Obviously each one cane personalize some parts according to their own personality and attitude. Something can be missing. However, it contains what I expect it should be there. 


Sunday, April 6, 2025

Using GEOET's Prospero model with minimal variations for simulating the non capacitive energy budget of snow and soil

This post is not self-explanatory and requires digging into other posts and some papers. 

Please review Section 2 of Concetta's paper (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eco.70009?af=R) and verify the calculations presented there.

The model in D'Amato and Rigon (2025) uses a non-capacitive approach (it doesn't account for the thermal capacity of plants), and so will be if the same derivation is specialized for snow (or soil), which is a limitation. However, this approach is still more physically based than semi-empirical formulations or degree-day methods commonly used. In the literature, these are referred to as "stationary solutions" of the system. Despite the name, these solutions respond instantaneously to changing boundary conditions (radiation, latent and sensible heat fluxes), as evident in equation (10), which varies with radiation, wind velocity, and roughness.

Equation (10) and subsequent equations in Concetta's paper are essentially the Prospero solutions (though exact implementation should be verified in Concetta's code). The time interval of integration is, in principle instantaneous, but eventually you would like to integrate it over a finite time step (a hour, or a day, for instance). 

A non negligible aspect is that snow can melt into water and for any temperature you get from the energy budget, you need to partition the water in liquid water and ice. For this reason you probably need a partitioning function, like the one used for partitioning precipitation in rainfall and snowfall or you can simply use a melting law like  in simple models but now the temperature used should not be the air tempeature but the snow temperature.  See melting in simple models in  the links below

for further information. 

An important term is missing from the formulation: heat exchange by conduction with the ground, which should be represented as:

G = C_s T_Δg := C_s (T_g - T_s)

Where:

  • C_s is an appropriate exchange coefficient (can be taken as C_s = K/L, where K is the bulk thermal conductivity of the layer and L is its depth)
  • T_g is the ground temperature (which could be taken as the multi-annual air temperature average)
  • T_s is the snow temperature

Since this flux depends on the independent variable, it introduces additional terms that modify solution (10). Please derive these calculations independently.

Other terms that don't depend on the independent state variables can be included in the S_nk term. With these modifications, the Prospero code can effectively simulate the snow energy budget. Similar arguments apply to soil modeling.

A further consideration is the proper parameterization of the conductances C and C_E fluxes in equation (10), which differ from transpiration cases. For soil, according to Lehman-Or theory, evaporation should be modeled as potential until the water storage exceeds a threshold S_T, then decreasing proportionally with storage below this threshold when implementing an integrated model (Details ? I do not know).

I know that there are several missing aspects in this post. Who is interested, please ask. 

P.S. - These components have then to be carefully coupled to the other components. With respect to this, please consider the following: 

First review the presentation materials I've shared:

Getting new features to the linear systems (Vimeo2025)

The topic is that, based on my analysis, the second option is clearly the one should be applied in integrated distributed models (like GEOframe-NewAGE). However, this means we cannot simply subtract ET (or any other sink) from total rainfall - we need to incorporate this directly into the equation solver. While the example in the presentation uses a linear system with an analytical solution, the same principle applies to our non-linear fluxes where we use numerical integration. Therefore appropriate modifications could be necessary to the basic GEOframe-NewAGE codes. 

Thursday, April 3, 2025

A Ph.D. position on Advancing Physics-Informed Machine Learning for Environmental Modeling and Smart Irrigation Systems

Project Overview

This PhD grant, funded by Fondazione Bruno Kessler, aims to develop an advanced Physics-Informed Machine Learning (PIML) framework for modeling complex hydrodynamic and environmental systems. By integrating physical principles with data-driven methods, the research will focus on optimizing next-generation irrigation strategies. The project will harness the synergy between physical laws (as implemented in the GEOSPACE system) and machine learning to enable predictive, real-time, and scalable modeling tools for sustainable water resource management.

Key Objectives
  • Design hybrid PIML models that combine governing equations with data-driven predictive models (e.g., neural networks);
  • Improve predictive accuracy and generalizability across heterogeneous environmental conditions;
  • Incorporate real-time sensor data inputs to refine model states and parameters;
  • Benchmark PIML approaches against traditional numerical solvers and/or black-box machine learning models.

Methodological Approach

The core innovation of this project lies in the integration of physical constraints (as derived from GEOSPACE) into machine learning models. Building on recent advances in PIML, the goal is to design, develop, and validate models that enforce conservation laws and boundary conditions within neural architectures. This may involve:

  • Embedding partial differential equations (PDEs) directly into the loss functions of machine/deep learning models;
  • Developing adaptive training strategies to trade-oO data fidelity and physical consistency;
  • Utilizing sensor data to dynamically assimilate environmental variability into model predictions;
  • Leveraging high-performance computing to train and deploy models at scale across complex
  • domains.


Expected Outcomes

This integration will enable:
  • Accurate and efficient modeling of water distribution and use in precision irrigation systems;
  • Real-time monitoring and decision-support capabilities for agricultural and environmental applications;
  • Enhanced data efficiency and model robustness through physics-based regularization;
  • Improved understanding of system dynamics under data-scarce and/or non-stationary conditions.

Implementation Timeline

Months 1–6: Literature review on PIML methodologies;
Months 7–18: Design and develop a core PIML architecture, integrating IoT data sources;
Months 19–24: Validate models using lab-scale and field experimental datasets;
Months 25–36: Upscale models to real-world irrigation systems deployed within ongoing local and EU
projects (e.g., IRRITRE, AGRIF .OODTEF), and quantitatively assess their impact on water-saving strategies.

Possible Collaborations

Fabio Antonelli, Fondazione Bruno Kessler; Sara Bonetti and Concetta D'Amato, EPFL

Info: abouthydrology <at>  gmail.com