Showing posts with label Hydrology Class. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hydrology Class. Show all posts

Tuesday, February 4, 2025

The Hydrology Class Lab 2025

 The lab component makes up nearly half of the course, following the motto:

"Learning by doing."

Throughout the lab, you will conduct at least three key numerical experiments:

  • Time Series Analysis – Exploring various data elaborations with various Jupyter Notebooks and a little of Python
  • Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curves – Estimating rainfall intensity over different time scales with various Jupyter Notebooks and a little of Python, as well 
  • Infiltration Experiments – Investigating soil absorption dynamics using the WHETGEO system
  • Evaporation & Transpiration Experiments – Understanding water loss processes in different conditions using the GEOSPACE ssytem

Resources

🔹[Vimeo Showcase – General Lab Videos]

🔹[OSF Repository – Lab Materials]

🔹[Theory and Concepts here]

📌 Detailed videos and materials for each experiment are listed below.



 2025-03-03 Introduction to working with Jupyter and Notebooks

2025-03-10 How to read and plot data
2025-03-25 San Martino Reprise
2025-03-31 Gumbel derivation

Interpolating the Gumbel distribution to annual precipitation maxima
2025-04-08 Where to find the data
  • Finding the data for the Time Series Analysis (Vimeo2025)
2025-05-05 - Installations
  • Installing the GEOframe_vincennes environment
  • Installing the Java Development toolkit V11
2025-05-06  

Below, you'll discover the resources for the second part of the lab, which encompass instructions for utilizing Object Modelling System version 3 (OMS3) models such as WHETGEO1D and GEOET. Within the OMS Projects, you'll find a directory named Jupyter_Notebook, housing sets of notebooks designed to guide you through handling both input and output data for these programs.

A general introduction to some OMS3 concepts
2025-05-11
 Introduction to Infiltration with WHETGEO 1D. WHETGEO specifically focuses on simulating the coupled processes of water and heat transport, which are crucial for understanding: Soil moisture dynamics, Evapotranspiration processes, Energy balance at the land surface, Groundwater-surface water interactions, Snow and ice processes (where temperature is critical)
2025-06-03

    Radiation estimation is preliminary to any Evapotranspiration estimation since our models use it as input. The estimation of radiation, as it results from the theory, needs a few GIS operations to determine the sky view factor and the aspect of the terrain in the point of interest. These operation for the present exercise are skipped and pre-analyzed data are provided. 
  • Please see the 05_NET.sim file in the project's simulation folder (Vimeo2025)
  • Inputs are in Input_Radiation.ipynb (Vimeo2025)
  • Outputs are in the Output_Radiation.ipynb (Vimeo2025)
  • The simulation runner is Runner_NetRadiation.ipynb (Vimeo2025)
 
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    The Hydrology class 2025

    The Hydrology 2025 Course will be 90% similar to last year's class, with only minor modifications. You can find details about the tools used and other relevant information in the  2023 Index (a quick 3-minute read).This page provides access to course materials, including slides, videos (both old and new), and other resources.

    Hydrology is a fascinating field because water is essential for life and human activities. It is fundamentally the Physics of the Hydrological Cycle, yet it is deeply interconnected with biochemical processes and geology due to water's crucial role in ecosystems. Here a brief introduction from a National Geographics post.  A companion page is available for the laboratory exercises, where you can find all the necessary materials for hands-on practice.


    The lab material is here. 

    Classes and Related Materials

    Available Resources

    • Storyboards – A summary of the lecture, usually in Italian.
    • Whiteboard – A detailed explanation of a specific topic, presented using Notability on an iPad.
    • Slides – Commented in English.
    • Videos – Commentary on the slides, typically recorded during lectures with no editing (as post-production would be too time-consuming).
      • 2025 Videos are available on a Vimeo Showcase [link here].
    • Additional Information & References – For those eager to explore more, supplementary details and references are provided in italics.

    Class Schedule & Materials

    📅 24 February 2025 – Introduction to the Course and Hydrology

    • 🔎 Complementary Reference:
    • Blöschl, Günter. 2022. Flood Generation: Process Patterns from the Raindrop to the Ocean. DOI: 10.5194/hess-2022-2.

    📅 25 February 2025 – Ground-Based Precipitation and Its Statistics

    📌 Topic: Understanding precipitation distribution, intensity, and extreme events—essential for engineering applications.

    Read more »
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    Tuesday, February 15, 2022

    The Hydrology Class 2022 - The Lab Page

    Go to the Introduction/References

    Go to the Foreseen Schedule

    Go to the Software Installation page


    Photo by Michele Vettorazzi (Environmental Engineer and Photographer)


    For the installations Go to the Software installation page, anyway do not miss the occasion to listen 2 Concetta D'Amato introducing it to you in Italian on 2022-03-21:
    2021-02-28 Introduction to working with Jupyter and Notebooks
    2022-03-07 
    2022-03- 22
    2022-03-29
        • Counting the events and producing their empirical statistics (Vimeo2022)
    2022-05-02 - Estimation of  the intensity-duration-frequency curves with Python
    With this class we start the determination of the rainfall extremes in a point. For obtaining this we make use of the PANDAS and the Matplotlib libraries of Python (3.*). The determination of the extremes is a necessary step in any engineering project that involves water flows. Constructions like sewage systems, dams, levees, all require the knowledge of the expected precipitation with an assigned return period.
    Do not forget to have the data of  Pluviometria Paperopoli ready.

    2022-05-09 - Introduction to the GEOframe/OMS3 system
    Geoframe is a system for doing hydrology by computer. It provides the components to model all the compartments of the hydrological cycle with tools that follow various modelling philosophies. The main idea it deploys is that these components can be joined at run time with a scripting language to provide "modelling solutions". During this course we explore some possibilities it offers.

    2022-05-09/10 - Modelling Evapotranspiration with GEOET
    The second part of the lab regards the simulation of evaporation and transpiration. Three models are used, Priestley-Taylor, Penman-Monteith-FAO and the Prospero model in various combination. The estimation of radiation is an important part of the estimate. 

    2022-05-23/24 - Estimating the infiltration with WHETGEO 1D
    To model infiltration we use a 1D implementation of the Richards equation called WHETGEO, an acronym which stands for Water, HEat and Transport in GEOframe. These classes introduces the simulations with WHETGEO 1D step by step
    • A series of Notebooks with planned simulations for your inspiration (please pay attention that the environment geoframe_verona already contains some of the scripts that needed to be uploaded. The Example Notebooks use an obsolete version of the simulations though)
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    Wednesday, February 9, 2022

    The Hydrology Class 2022 - The schedule

    This post contains the foreseen schedule of the course. Material uploaded is subject to modifications prior to the schedule date. All the lectures will be to students present in blended format. Meaning that students can be either present or attend remotely. All of them will be recorded and uploaded to web. 

    Go to the Introduction/References
    Go to the Software Installation page
    Go to the lab page

    Photo by Michele Vettorazzi


    Topics in bold are definitive. Topics in normal characters are still subject to modifications.  All the 2022 videos will be available at this Vimeo Showcase.

    2022-02-21 - Introduction to the course and to hydrology

    Complementary References

    2022-02-22  - Ground based Precipitations and their statistics Separation snow-rainfall - measure of precipitation

    In this part of the class we describe where it rains and how much it rains using statistical concept. One important objective is to understand what are the extreme precipitations for their importance in engineering. 
    2022-02-28 - 2022-03-01  - Statistics of extreme precipitations

     Some reviews on statistics - Return Period
    Extreme precipitations  (Storyboard2020)
    Distributions Storyboard2020

    Determination of Gumbel's parameters
    Extreme precipitations  II
    Beyond Gumbel
    A summary about the extreme precipitation estimations (Whiteboard)

    2022-03- 07 - Water in soil and aquifers. Darcy-Buckingham. Hydraulic conductivity. Soil water retention curves (Storyboard2020)

    Once precipitations arrive to the ground surface they either infiltrate or generate runoff. We first state how they infiltrate and, actually how water behave in the soil and in the ground. We talk about the complexity of the Earth surface that contains life and call it, the Critical Zone. To study infiltration we introduce the Darcy and Richards equations of which we explain the characteristics. 
    2022-03-08
    2022-03-14

    2022 - 03- 15      - The Richards equation  (Storyboard 2020)
    2022-03-21
      2021-03-28 - Runoff Generation and propagation (Summary 2020)

      Once the rainfall gains the terrain, it can infiltrate or producing runoff. In the next we discuss the main mechanisms that produce runoff.
      Q&A - Runoff - Runoff 2022

      2020-03-29 - The surface water propagation (a brief Storyboard 2021)

      Runoff moves on the surface of the terrain according to the de Saint-Venant equation. In the following the equation is derived in the 1D case.
      2022-04-04/05

      Evaporation generalities       (Storyboard2020)

      A consistent part of root zone and surface water evaporates and returns to the atmosphere to eventually form clouds and precipitation again. The process follows quite complicate routes and is different when happening from liquid surfaces, soil or vegetation (and BTW animals).  In this group of lectures we try to figure out the physical mechanisms that act in the process and give some hint on methods to estimate evaporation and transpiration with physically based models. 
       Evaporation and Transpiration Formulas
      2022-04-12 -  After all radiation moves it all
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      The Hydrology Class 2022 - Introduction

      Go to the Foreseen Schedule
      Go to the Software Installation page
      Go to the lab page

      What the Hydrology Course is About


      To have an idea about this class, please look at the Syllabus  slides in first lecture.  This year the class will be 90% similar to the one of the last year.  Laboratory work will be (mostly) concentrated in May and June. March and April up to Easter will be mostly spent to develop the theoretical parts.
      Lectures  and lab classes will be recorded and uploaded on my VIMEO channel. Old videos are also in my on my YouTube channel.

      The intermediate exam will be written (or oral *) with 3 questions about the topics treated.  The students will be asked to answer with text, figures and formulas. The final exam will be a discussion of the exercises provided by the students int the form of Jupyter notebooks. Each of the exercises will be discussed separately by booking an appointment with the professor before the formal date of the exam or at the day of the final exam. 

      This Hydrology class aims to explain the physics (meaning the mathematical equations and their phenomenology) and, in some cases, the statistics (i.e. the distribution) of the basic hydrological processes (precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation and transpiration)
      Students will be required to:
      •  being able to derive and comment the hydrological equations above mentioned and 
      • to do some statistics on hydrological data. Particular attention will be dedicated to the derivation of the statistics of extreme rainfall.
      • Besides students will be requested to get some basics of the tools that will be used to estimate the hydrological fluxes (using a GIS, Python, and other tools, among those in GEOframe).
      They will be required to be able, by means of some models provided by the instructors the main hydrological fluxes and represent them at catchment scale.

      This is intended to serve as a basis for getting further knowledge and
      • prevent, manage, control floods, landslides and snow-avalanches
      • manage irrigation
      • estimate water availability for hydropower production
      • forecast roads freezing
      • estimate soil, roads, or snow temperature
      • forecast snow water equivalent and snow height
      Assuming that the student will take a master in Environmental Engineering at Trento University, Acquedotti e fognature, Modelli idrologici, Ingegneria fluviale, are classe that request the knowledge communicate in this Hydrology class. 

      The first part of the course, until April 3, will be dedicated to the presentation and discussion of theoretical concepts through lectures that will be videotaped and uploaded on the course's Vimeo channel. The lessons will cover 4 of the five hours per week. The fifth hour will be devoted to simple exercises with Python and Jupyter lab and to the preparation of the data necessary for the projects to be completed in the second part of the course in groups of two or three students.
      The student must take care to understand the hydrological concepts and discuss them with the lecturer. The first twenty minutes of each lesson will be devoted to the discussion of the topics covered in the previous lesson. Each group will have to prepare one question or comment to which the teacher will answer. A summary of the lesson will follow, followed by the actual lesson. The second part of the course will take up the theoretical themes of the first part and using the tools made available to the GEOframe system. Students, in groups of two or three, will have to:

      • Analyze a series of rainfall and hydro-meteorological data with the use of Python 
      • Estimate the intensity-duration-frequency curves with the methods presented in the first part of the course using the data of a hydro-meteorological gauge station
      Besides, they have to accomplish two of the following three tasks under the supervision of the tutor and the teacher: 
      • Design and run some infiltration simulations in complex soils and discuss the results.
      • Design and perform the calculation of evaporation and transpiration in a chosen site
      • Studying the coupled transpiration and infiltration in one site. 
      * The exam will be written if COVID-19 will allow the students to be in classroom. Otherwise it will be oral. 

      References

      The lessons will be video recorded and made available. Each lesson will be given through slides in English which will be delivered to students in advance. When necessary, the lessons will be accompanied by appropriate in-depth articles. There is no real text because the course, even when it is fully in the hydrological tradition, elaborates the concepts in a contemporary way and uses innovative tools.

      As general reference texts we recommend:
      • Bras, R.L, An introduction to Hydrologic Science, ISBN-13: 978-0201059229, 1989 - ISBN-10: 0201059223, Addison-Wesley (July 1, 1989)
      • Brutsaert, W., Hydrology: an introduction, ISBN-13: 978-0521824798 - ISBN-10: 0521824796, Cambridge University Press, 2005
      • Dingmann, L., Physical Hydrology, ISBN-13: 978-1478611189, ISBN-10: 1478611189, Third Edition, Waveland Press, 2015
      • Freeze, A. ; Cherry, J., Groundwater, 1979
      • Lu, N. and Godt, J.W., Hillslope Hydrology and Stability, Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13: 978-1107021068, ISBN-10: 11070210652010, 2013

      These books represent a shareable review of phenomena and hydrological modeling but the methods they present are not necessarily those used in the course. The course, also for reasons of time, presents a selected and limited perspective of the subject that the texts cited dissect from various points of view.
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      Wednesday, February 10, 2021

      The Hydrology Class 2021 - The Schedule

      This post contains the foreseen schedule of the course. Material uploaded is subject to modifications prior to the schedule date. All the lectures will be to students present in blended format. Meaning that students can be either present or attend remotely. All of them will be recorded and uploaded to web. 

      Go to the Introduction/References
      Go to the Software page
      Go to the lab page



      Topics in bold are definitive. Topics in normal characters are still subject to modifications. 

      2021-02-23 - Introduction to the course and to hydrology

      2021-02-26  - Ground based Precipitations and their statistics Separation snow-rainfall - measure of precipitation

      In this part of the class we describe where it rains and how much it rains using statistical concept. One important objective is to understand what are the extreme precipitations for their importance in engineering. 
      2021-03-02 - Some reviews on statistics - Return Period
      2021-03-04 Extreme precipitations  (Storyboard2020)
      Distributions Storyboard2020
      Determination of Gumbel's parameters
      2021-03-09 Extreme precipitations  II
      2021-03-11 Extreme precipitations  III
      Beyond Gumbel
      A summary about the extreme precipitation estimations (Whiteboard)

      2020-03- 16 - Water in soil and aquifers. Darcy-Buckingham. Hydraulic conductivity. Soil water retention curves (Storyboard2020)

      Once precipitations arrive to the ground surface they either infiltrate or generate runoff. We first state how they infiltrate and, actually how water behave in the soil and in the ground. We talk about the complexity of the Earth surface that contains life and call it, the Critical Zone. To study infiltration we introduce the Darcy and Richards equations of which we explain the characteristics. 
      2021-03-18

      2020 - 03- 23  - The Richards equation        (Storyboard 2020)
      2020 - 03- 25  - The Richards equation - II
        2020-04-30 - Runoff Generation and propagation (Summary 2020)

        Once the rainfall gains the terrain, it can infiltrate or producing runoff. In the next we discuss the main mechanism to produce runoff.
        Q&A - Runoff

        2020-04-01 - The surface water propagation (a brief Storyboard 2021)

        Runoff moves on the surface of the terrain according to the de Saint-Venant equation. In the following the equation is derived in the 1D case.
              Evaporation generalities (Storyboard2020)

        A consistent part of root zone and surface water evaporates and returns to the atmosphere to eventually form clouds and precipitation again. The process follows quite complicate routes and is different when happening from liquid surfaces, soil or vegetation (and BTW animals).  In this group of lectures we try to figure out the physical mechanisms that act in the process and give some hint on methods to estimate evaporation and transpiration with physically based models. 
        2021-04-08

            Evaporation and Transpiration Formulas
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