Reflections on the 2022 Drought in Italy (In Italian) by the Italian Hydrological Society

Trovate il manoscritto cliccando sulla figura.  

Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe (1942-2022)

 Ah Ignacio,

you are gone

thinking to Earth's optimality

inspiring us until

the last day!

In all the hydrologists

there is something of you

and clearly now you've seen

the unity of river networks

and ecosystems as you dreamt

to exist

You've brought us where

alone we could never have been

and we miss you immensely

but thanks to you,

the roads you opened wide,

we'll go forward

and upward 

as an important goal 

of our lives.

May the almighty God

preserve you in their heart

One of the post you would not write. 

Subsurface-Surface Water Flow and the Nested Newton Algorithm by Vincenzo Casulli

 On March 19th we had in Trento Martyn Clark (GS), Louise Arnal (GS) and Wouter Knoben (GS) to discuss about common research pathways. It was a dense day of discussions and exchange of ideas that started from the Mesiano terrace, continue inside, at the pizzeria Korallo, and later with an aperitif in Piazza Fiera and could have continued for days. You realize that the afternoon is missing. The afternoon was even better because Vincenzo Casulli (GS) gave a couple of talks about how to integrate subsurface and surface flow, and about his Nested Newton algorithm for solving a special class of non linear problems. Vincenzo agreed to record his talks and now you can appreciate them here below.  

Commanding OMS3 simulations from the Command Line (or from a Jupyter Notebook)

 The normal way to start OMS3 simulation is the use of its console. However, it could be convenient to command project simulations directly from the command line of a terminal (in Windows, in Mac OS, Linux users  know what a terminal is). 

The presentation above (click on the Figure) explain how to do it. Jupyter Notebooks can also be used as terminal. The presentation connects to a Notebook where it is done. 

Preparing for a CAMELS-Po dataset

CAMELS stand for Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample studies. The clearest introduction is in Krazterk er al. It tells “Detailed datasets combining hydroclimatic time series, landscape attributes, and/or hydrological response variables like streamflow exist for many experimental catchments, in many cases spanning decades. ... In parallel, there also exist tens of thousands of gauges monitoring rivers across the world. .... Gupta et al. argued that large sample sizes allow for assessment of the generality of hydrological models and research findings. Large sample sizes also allow for large-scale research like detecting and attributing systematic shifts in terrestrial water availability at regional to global scales. ... Recognizing this has led to the development of a sub-discipline in the hydrological sciences called large-sample hydrology (LSH), which relies on data from hundreds to thousands of catchments”. (Please read the references for more information).

The initiative has also the scope to enable multiple approaches on catchments studies that were in the past often too much limited to single case studies with poor ability to get a satisfying generality. In a sense, the CAMELS initiative pursues some of the same objectives that the global hydrology trend, where a cohort of researchers aims to cover the whole Earth catchments with simulations often with high resolution models (Wood et al., 2011 ). The latter trials, whilst providing ubiquitous hydrological forecast are scanty in providing accurate local estimates for lack of information and characterization (as well as some Earth observation/data driven global solutions). It is easy then to foresee that there will be soon a new effort in doing large simulation on hyper-resolved catchments with these new ground-based datasets that will open and reanalysis era in catchment hydrology encompassing scales, regions and climates.

The initiative of the Po river project, supported by the River Po basin Authority goes in this direction, in the limited but extremely complicated are of the largest basin in Italy. As a preliminary effort we we inaugurate the CAMEL-Po actions. What the CAMELS-Po action aim is to serve several objectives:

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TASK 1 - SHAREABLE CATCHMENTS DELINEATION AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

1.1 - to give a common and shareable watershed delineation of the Po river at a scale of 10 square kilometers, eventually  to be refined at 5 kilometer an to the hillslope extents in future passages (obtained with open source softwares Horton Machine)

1.2- Include major lakes and reservoirs in this delineation

1.3- to estimate some common geomorphic quantities to marks watershed characteristics and their spatial variations (as already standard in the CAMELS datasets)

TASK 2 - OPEN HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL REANALYSIS BASED ON INTERPOLATION OF AVAILABLE GROUND DATA AND SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENTS

2.1 - to build a solid restitution of the last 30 years of hydro-meteorologic data over the catchments, initially with one point  per catchment, eventually over a standard regular grid, i.e. https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/high-resolution-layers, and eventually make it public (including all the quantities available as ground data)

2.3 -Providing a re-analysis of such data at very high resolution blending various source of information, like weather reanalysis, radar and EARTH observation datasets

TASK 3 - HUG WITH EARTH OBSERVATIONS

3.1 Providing facilitate access to EO and other data catchment by catchments in the logic of the Digital Earth Twins of Hydrology (DARTHs)

TASK 4 - OPEN SNOW

3.2 Providing a reanalysis of the snow cover over the whole Po during the last 30 years by using ground observations, GEOtop and GEOframe at 1 km scale

_____________________________________________________________________________________

These objective are a minimal part of the Po project, which is more ambitious and involve several modelling tasks of the various quantities and several scientific investigations.

For who interested in these follow ups, stay tuned. For who interested in the logic of CAMEL sets, see the references below.

Cited and non cited References

• Addor, Nans, Andrew J. Newman, Naoki Mizukami, and Martyn P. Clark. 2017. “The CAMELS Data Set: Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-Sample Studies.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21 (10): 5293–5313. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5293-2017.
• Alvarez-Garreton, Camila, Juan Pablo Boisier, René Garreaud, Jan Seibert, and Marc Vis. 2021. “Progressive Water Deficits during Multiyear Droughts in Basins with Long Hydrological Memory in Chile.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25 (1): 429–46. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-429-2021.
• Alvarez-Garreton, and Mendoza. 2018. “The CAMELS-CL Dataset: Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large Sample studies–Chile Dataset.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/22/5817/2018/.
• Chagas, Vinícius B. P., Pedro L. B. Chaffe, Nans Addor, Fernando M. Fan, Ayan S. Fleischmann, Rodrigo C. D. Paiva, and Vinícius A. Siqueira. 2020. “CAMELS-BR: Hydrometeorological Time Series and Landscape Attributes for 897 Catchments in Brazil.” Earth System Science Data 12 (3): 2075–96. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2075-2020.
• Coxon, Gemma, Nans Addor, John P. Bloomfield, Jim Freer, Matt Fry, Jamie Hannaford, Nicholas J. K. Howden, et al. 2020. “CAMELS-GB: Hydrometeorological Time Series and Landscape Attributes for 671 Catchments in Great Britain.” Earth System Science Data 12 (4): 2459–83. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2459-2020.
• Delaigue, and Brigode. 2022. “CAMELS-FR: A Large Sample Hydroclimatic Dataset for France to Explore Hydrological Diversity and Support Model Benchmarking.” IAHS-2022. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/IAHS2022/IAHS2022-521.html?pdf.
• Fowler, Keirnan J. A., Suwash Chandra Acharya, Nans Addor, Chihchung Chou, and Murray C. Peel. 2021. “CAMELS-AUS: Hydrometeorological Time Series and Landscape Attributes for 222 Catchments in Australia.” Earth System Science Data 13 (8): 3847–67. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3847-2021.
• Hao, Jin, Xia, Tian, and Yang. 2021. “Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large Sample Study in Contiguous China.” Earth System Dynamics. https://scholar.archive.org/work/fn4n5jgzlreyjfvjna2fklyo5a/access/wayback/https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2021-71/essd-2021-71.pdf.
• Jehn, Florian Ulrich, Konrad Bestian, Lutz Breuer, Philipp Kraft, and Tobias Houska. 2019. “Clustering CAMELS Using Hydrological Signatures with High Spatial Predictability.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, April, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-129.
• Klingler, Christoph, Karsten Schulz, and Mathew Herrnegger. 2021. “LamaH-CE: LArge-SaMple DAta for Hydrology and Environmental Sciences for Central Europe.” Earth System Science Data 13 (9): 4529–65. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4529-2021.
• Knoben, Wouter, and Martyn Clark. 2022. “CAMELS-Spat: Catchment Data for Spatially Distributed Large-Sample Hydrology.” Copernicus Meetings. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6609.
• Kratzert, Frederik, Daniel Klotz, Claire Brenner, Karsten Schulz, and Mathew Herrnegger. 2018. “Rainfall–runoff Modelling Using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22 (11): 6005–22. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6005-2018.
• Kratzert, Frederik, Daniel Klotz, Guy Shalev, Günter Klambauer, Sepp Hochreiter, and Grey Nearing. 2019. “Towards Learning Universal, Regional, and Local Hydrological Behaviors via Machine Learning Applied to Large-Sample Datasets.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23 (12): 5089–5110. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5089-2019.
• Ma, Kai, Dapeng Feng, Kathryn Lawson, Wen-Ping Tsai, Chuan Liang, Xiaorong Huang, Ashutosh Sharma, and Chaopeng Shen. 2021. “Transferring Hydrologic Data across Continents – Leveraging Data‐rich Regions to Improve Hydrologic Prediction in Data‐sparse Regions.” Water Resources Research 57 (5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr028600.
• Siber, Rosi, Marvin Höge, Martina Kauzlaric, Ursula Schönenberger, Pascal Horton, Jan Schwanbeck, Daniel Viviroli, et al. 2022. “CAMELS-CH - Building a Common Open Database for Catchments in Switzerland.” https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9859.
• Sterle, Perdrial, Li, and Adler. 2022. “CAMELS-Chem: Augmenting CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-Sample Studies) with Atmospheric and Stream Water Chemistry Data.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. https://hess.copernicus.org/preprints/hess-2022-81/.
• Vasquez, Cepeda, and Gomez. 2019. “Exploring the Relation between Meteorological, Physiographic and Hydrological Similarities through Catchment Classification.” Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=10297006&AN=140493270&h=NKYXshyG%2Bbu%2FK%2FLUfFm%2FEMY20NhOmBgJvpEtFInXc7Jkq9BHvL5fOilpNzcqVPISF9tBXQDvKfqoPbel4FIfNQ%3D%3D&crl=c.
• Wood, Eric F., Joshua K. Roundy, Tara J. Troy, L. P. H. van Beek, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Eleanor Blyth, Ad de Roo, et al. 2011. “Hyperresolution Global Land Surface Modeling: Meeting a Grand Challenge for Monitoring Earth’s Terrestrial Water: OPINION.” Water Resources Research 47 (5): 54. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010090.