Showing posts with label art on hydrology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label art on hydrology. Show all posts

Monday, March 9, 2026

Where do we stand

 Aristotle had it all wrong.

Dalton, Horton, Sherman and Leopold played the starting gong.

Eagleson, Rodriguez-Iturbe went for a grand theory, in which they believed.

Ignacio (Vujica teaches) dated with randomness.

It is (dis-)organized complexity, Jim Dooge said.

Richards, Richardson, Harlan and Freeze insisted on using PDEs.

Horton said the runoff is infiltration excess,

Dunne said that it is saturation excess,

Hewlett and Hibbert said that overland flow is not necessary.

Tracer research screwed it all up.

Darcy and Buckingham — it is all a matter of gradients, they thought.

Beven and Germann set up a mountain of doubts.

And many, I forgot, I do not know.

(Klemeš complains.)


Now we do not really know what we know,

except that we know more than before,

better data we have,

satellites see it all (but what you see, you do not believe).

Modelers give numbers without caring,

machine learning thinks it can do all without understanding —

and because we did not have it when we thought we did,

they probably sing the right song.


Musical coda





Thursday, November 8, 2018

The flood/L'alluvione by Eugenio Montale



The flood has drowned the clutter
of forniture,  papers, and paintings that crammed
the double-padlocked cellar. 
Maybe they fought back blindly-the books 
in red morocco. Du Bos’s endless dedications, 
the wax seal with Ezra’s beard, Alain’s 
Valéry, the manuscript
of the Orphic Songs, as well as a couple 
of shaving brushes, a thousand knicknacks, and all 
your brother Silvio’s compositions. 
Ten, twelve days in that savage maw 
of fuel-oil and shit. Clearly they suffered 
terribly before losing their identity. 
I’m deep in crud too, up to my neck, though 
my civil status was doubtful from the outset. 
It’s not muck that besets me, but the events 
of an unbelievable, and always unbelieved, reality. 
My courage in facing it was the first 
of your loans, and perhaps you never knew. 


Eugenio Montale (see also here), Xenia I, appeared in Agni 34 

(translation by William Arrowsmith) 



L’alluvione ha sommerso il pack dei mobili,
delle carte, dei quadri che stipavano
un sotterraneo chiuso a doppio lucchetto.
Forse hanno ciecamente lottato i marocchini
 rossi, le sterminate dediche di Du Bos,
il timbro a ceralacca con la barba di Ezra,
il Valéry di Alain, l’originale 
dei Canti Orfici – e poi qualche pennello
da barba, mille cianfrusaglie e tutte 
 le musiche di tuo fratello Silvio.
Dieci, dodici giorni sotto un’atroce morsura
di nafta e sterco. Certo hanno sofferto
tanto prima di perdere la loro identità.
Anch’io sono incrostato fino al collo se il mio
stato civile fu dubbio fin dall’inizio.
Non torba m’ha assediato, ma gli eventi
di una realtà incredibile e mai creduta.
Di fronte ad essi il mio coraggio fu il primo
dei tuoi prestiti e forse non l’hai mai saputo.

For a comment in Italian see here

Wednesday, October 19, 2016

Every breath you take

I found these photographies by Robert Dash of stomata and I could not avoid to share them in this blog. The collections of photo are, at least two:
https://www.lensculture.com/projects/185282-show-me-the-carbon


They were taken with an electronic microscope but preserve artistic values. Clicking on the figures you are redirected to the whole collection.



Sunday, February 28, 2016

Nevi/Snows

This text is from Mario Rigoni Stern.  English translation by Joseph E. Tomasi. When translating he wrote to me from Ulaabaatoar, Mongolia, where he lives, that it was snowing, and all was covered by ten-twenty centimetres of white. He wrote: "According to Rigoni-Stern's calendar, it would be a bàchtalasneea, but according to the local season, it is more probable a swalbasneea. They were the right days to translate Nevi. "


Snows/Sneea

There are many snows in my memory: the snows of avalanches, the snows of high altitudes, the snows of Albanian mountains, of Russian steppes, of Polish moors. But it is not of these that I wish to speak; I will speak instead of how snows were once called where I come from: snows with many names, snows of yesteryear, ignored by the weather reports of winter sports resorts.
Brüskalan is what Old Auntie Marietta, my grandfather’s aunt, would say to me; that was the first snow of winter, the real stuff. It could snow and snow even in October and November, but autumn snow is weak snow, limp snow, which hinders the grazing of cattle in meadows mowed in September and the work of the woodsmen when the ground is not yet frozen in the woods. I remember the nuisance it would cause on All Souls’ Day, when tin garlands and real ferns from the woods would drip snow on newly cleaned graves; and how in the woods not yet completely bare we would go to cut beech trees: how grudgingly we worked with hands a-freezing, and how the snow stuck to our boots. There I learned that wet snow chills more than powdery snow. 
But when the brüskalan came it was different. After the Indian Summer, after Martinmas, the earth was well frozen, noisy under our hobnailed boots with studs and spikes. The smell of the first snow filled the air:  a clean and light smell; better and more welcome than the smell of fog. The healthy fog, I mean, the one that would come one or twice a year about the time of the migration of the skylarks.
Raising your gaze to the north, you would see a faint greyness that from the peaks reached low to the woods and then came down towards the town. And the top of the bell tower and its bells were soon within the grey milkiness and then the whole church, the roofs of the highest houses too. On the dusty streets, on the log piles, in the courtyards, and onto our ruffled heads the first flakes fell. We would open our mouth skywards to feel them melt on our tongue.
Very soon the snow would cover the dusty streets, the dry grass in the meadows, the sawdust in the courtyards from the beeches, the graves in the cemetery.
The voices and sounds of the town, the calls of sparrows and wrens became muffled, and at this point the brüskalan became real sneea: snow abundant and light coming down from the mill in the sky. Then, with trepidation, we would go up to the attic to find skis and lame (blades), our one-man sleds: in Scandinavia I have found identical objects with an identical name that, however, has no relation to the Italian word lama.  
We skied and sledded on the road  leading down to the main square, defying the local policeman and the scoldings of mothers and grandmothers, who, on their way to Mass, were slipping on hardened snow, bound  to become bare ice that not even the snow plow pulled by twelve horses would be able to scrape away.
This is more than seventy years ago. I must have been about five years old when an uncle of mine, who had been with the Alpini troops from 1913 till 1920, tied two curved lengths of wood to my boots, which he called skj, and I hurtled myself down the piste, which was then no more than the snow piled in front of the house by the snowplow and from the clearing of the courtyards: a nice big pile that covered the fences and gate pillars and that to us children seemed very high indeed. With spades and cinder shovels we smoothed its descent to the road; to climb up it, we dug steps right into it: - Make waaay!
But then the winter would wear on; the wood stocks would thin because the fireplace ate and ate; as did the stove in the kitchen. My grandfather's chair was near the stove, and it was there that he loved to smoke his pipe and, when I would come home all wet and cold, I would go between his chair and the stove to put my back against the warmth. Auntie would grumble, saying that I would cook my blood.
As winter wore on towards its end, the sneea became haapar. On the riverbanks in the sun it would trickle away over the earth in thousands and thousands of drops, and the brown of the soil would appear. It was at this time of year that we would hear the first skylarks: suddenly one morning a shiver would run over your skin and it would be their song, high in the sky above the haapar. 
With the haapar came the haarnust. That is the old snow that in springtime, during the warm hours, the sun softens at the surface and then the cold of the night hardens again. Excellent snow for off-track excursions, to be done from the very first light of dawn until about eleven in the morning, in every terrain and with cross-country or mountaineering skis, with good klister grip wax or skins. But even on foot, when because of our age we were not to take risks. Then we would walk with comfortable lightweight boots upon the haarnust, which bore the weight of our steps without giving way: we would walk "high", as if suspended over rocks and dips, level with the tops of young firs that sprout from the snow with the spring, which always started with the smell of tree resin, and on we marched effortlessly in mid-air. Then, when all the snow had melted, returning to those places, we would say: "I walked up there, at the height of those branches."
After the haapar and after the haarnust came the swalbasneea: the snow of the swallows, the snow of March that has always been on time through the centuries. It falls after the swallows have come back: sometimes soft, sometimes wet, sometimes as a blizzard, or even calmly into swollen banks. In one night it can fall up to a metre thick, and then the swallows that arrived up here to announce the spring will return to the plains for a few days, until the damp air or the rain or the pregnant soil melts the swalbasneea away. 
The kuksneea is the snow of April; it does not always come but it is not rare either. On meadows that are beginning to show green again and where the crocuses are blooming it does not last long, as the living earth melts it even before the sun can. Just as the swalbasneea is the snow of the swallow, the kuksneea is the snow of the cuckoo because it is he, the joyous awakener of the woods, who sometimes calls it, to have fun when it falls away from the branches of the conifers: for him, who comes from Africa, this thing soft and white and cold is both rare and curious.
When the meadows are covered with the solar yellow of dandelions and the blue of forget-me-nots, and the bees are busy from dawn till dusk collecting pollen and nectar, then might come the bàchtalasneea: the snow of the quail. A cloud bearing down from the north, a gust of wind, a sudden drop in temperature and in May can come the bàchtalasneea. It lasts only a few short hours, but long enough to scare the birds in the nest, to bring death to the bees surprised outside the hive, and to worry the does about to give birth.
I do not remember when exactly, I did not write it down; perhaps the last summer snow fell about fifteen years ago. I do not know the old name for this snow, I would need to ask those who now are a hundred years old or more. Perhaps they called it kuasneea: the snow of the cows, because in summer they can be found high in mountain pastures. Probably when it falls the cows come down bellowing to the woods and it becomes difficult to herd them. And making cheese becomes a problem too. The memory of this snow and when it fell lives on in the names of those born on those days: Nives, Nevino, Bianca, Nevio ...


From Sentieri sotto la neve (Paths Beneath the Snow), 1998, Mario Rigoni Stern



Nevi/Sneea

Ho tante nevi nella memoria: nevi di slavine, nevi di alte quote, nevi di montagne albanesi, di steppe russe, di lande polacche. Ma non di queste intendo parlare; dirò di come le nevi  un tempo venivano indicate dalle mie parti: nevi dai più nomi, nevi d’antan, non considerate nei bollettini delle stazioni degli sport invernali.
Brüskalan, mi diceva l’Amia Marietta, la zia del nonno; ed era questa era la prima neve dell’inverno, quella vera. Nevicava, nevicava, anche a ottobre e a novembre, ma la neve autunnale è una neve fiacca, flaccida, che interrompe il pascolo alle vacche sui prati falciati a settembre e il lavoro del bosco quando il terreno non è ancora gelato.  Ricordo il fastidio che dava, il giorno dei Morti, quando le ghirlande di latta e le felci vere del bosco sgocciolavano neve sulle tombe ripulite; e quando nel bosco non ancora del tutto spoglio si andava al taglio del faggio: come malvolentieri si lavorava con le mani che gelavano, e come la neve si attaccava agli scarponi. E’ così che ho imparato che la neve fradicia raggela più di quella farinosa.

Ma quando brüskalanava era diverso. Il terreno dopo l’estate di San Martino era ben gelato e risuonava sotto le scarpe chiodate con le brocche e giazzini. Lo si sentiva nell’aria l’odore della prima neve: un odore pulito, leggero; più buono e grato di quello della nebbia. Di quella nebbia sana, intendo, che veniva una o due volte all’anno al tempo del passo delle allodole.
Alzando lo sguardo verso nord vedevi un tenue grigiore che dalle cime raggiungeva i boschi e che si abbassava verso il paese. E la punta del campanile e le campane erano già dentro il grigiore lattiginoso e poi anche la chiesa, i tetti delle case più alte. Sulle strade polverose, sulle cataste di legna, sui cortili e sopra le nostre teste arruffate cadevano le prime stille. Aprivamo la bocca verso il cielo per sentirle sciogliersi sulla lingua.
In breve la neve copriva la polvere delle strade, l’erba secca sui pascoli, la segatura di faggio nei cortili, le tombe del cimitero.
Le voci, i rumori del paese, i richiami dei passeri e degli scriccioli si facevano lievi, e a questo punto la brüskalan diventava vera sneea: neve abbondante e leggera giù dal molino del cielo.
E noi si andava trepidanti in soffitta a prendere gli sci e le lame, i nostri slittini monoposto: oggetto e nome che ho trovato identici in Scandinavia e che non hanno nulla a che fare con l’italiano lama.
Si sciava e si slittava  sulla strada che scendeva verso la piazza, sfidando la guardia comunale  e le sgridate delle mamme e delle nonne, che andavano a messa e scivolavano sulla neve indurita destinata a diventare ghiaccio vivo, che nemmeno lo spazzaneve tirato da dodici cavalli sarebbe riuscito a intaccare.
Questo più di settant’anni fa. Forse avevo cinque anni quando uno zio, che era stato alpino dal 1913 al 1920, mi legò agli scarponi due tavole arcuate che si chiamavano skj e io mi buttai giù per la pista, che era poi la neve ammucchiata davanti a casa dallo spazzaneve e dalla spazzatura dei cortili: un bel mucchio che superava i recinti e i pilastri del cancello e che a noi bambini sembrava altissimo. Con i badili e le palette del focolare lo lisciavamo verso la discesa della strada; per salirci sopra avevamo scavato dei gradini: - Pistaaa!
Ma poi l’inverno diventava lungo; le scorte di legna si assottigliavano perché il focolare mangiava, mangiava; come pure mangiava la stufa nella stua. La sedia del nonno era vicina alla stufa, ed era lì che amava fumare la pipa e io, quando rientravo bagnato e infreddolito, mi mettevo tra la sedia e la stufa per appoggiare la schiena al caldo della parete. L’aria mi brontolava perché diceva che mi cucinavo il sangue.
Quando l’inverno stava per finire la sneea diventatava hapar. Sulle rive al sole andava via per la terra in mille e mille gocce, e appariva il bruno del suolo. Era in questo periodo che sentivamo le prime allodole: una mattina ti correva il brivido per la pelle ed era il loro canto alto nel cielo sopra l’haapar.
Con l’haapar veniva l’haarnust. è questa la neve vecchia che verso primavera, nelle ore calde, il sole ammorbidisce in superficie e che poi il freddo della notte indurisce. Neve ottima per escursioni fuori pista, da farsi nelle primissime luci dell’alba e fino alle undici del mattino, in ogni terreno e con gli sci da fondo o da alpinismo, con buona sciolina klister o pelli di foca. Ma anche a piedi quando pe l’età non si deve spericolare. Allora si va con comodi scarponi leggeri sopra l’haarnust che sopporta il peso del passo senza cedere: cammini in “alto” , come sospeso, sopra pietre e buche, a livello degli apici degli alberi giorni che spuntano dalla neve verso la primavera che incomincia con l’odore della resina, e vai senza fatica, a mezz’aria. Poi, quando tutta la neve sarà sciolta, ritornando su quei passi verrà da dire:”Ho camminato lassù, all’altezza di quei rami!”.
Dopo l’haapar e dopo l’haarnust veniva la swalbasneea: la neve delle rondini, la neve di marzo che è sempre puntuale nei secoli. Cade dopo che sono arrivate le rondini: a volte soffice, a volte bagnata, a volte come tormenta, o anche calma in dilatate falde. In una notte può caderne fino ad un metro e allora le rondini arrivate quassù ad annunciare la primavera se ne ritornano in pianura per qualche giorno finché l’aria umida o la pioggia o il terreno in amore non avranno sciolto la swalbasneea.
La kuksneea è la neve d’aprile; non sempre presente, ma non è nemmeno rara. Sui prati che incominciano a rinverdire e dove sono fioriti i crochi non si ferma molto, perché  prima ancora del sole la terra in amore la fa sciogliere. Come la  swalbasneea è la neve della rondine, la kuksneea è la neve del cuculo perché è lui, il gioioso uccello risvegliatole del bosco, che qualche volta la chiama per divertirsi quando di sfalda dai rami delle conifere: per lui che viene dall’Africa, questa bianca e soffice e fredda è rara e curiosa. 
Quando i prati si coprono del giallo solare dei fiori del tarassaco e dell’azzurro dei miosotidi, e le api sono indaffarate dall’alba al tramonto nella raccolta di pollini e nettari, allora può arrivare la bàchtalasneea: la neve della quaglia. Una nube che scende da nord, una ventata, un rapido abbassamento della temperatura ed ecco a maggio, la bàchtalasneea.  Dura solo poco ore, ma sufficiente per fare paura agli uccelli nel nido, dare morte alle api sorprese fuori dall’arnia e preoccupazione alle femmine di capriolo in attesa del parto. 
Non ricordo con precisione, non me lo sono annotato; forse l’ultima neve estiva è caduta una quindicina di anni fa. Non so il nome antico di questa neve, dovrei chiederlo a chi ora ha cent’anni. Forse di chiamava kuasneea: la neve delle vacche, perché d’estate si trovano sui pascoli delle malghe. Probabilmente quando viene giù le vacche scendono urlando nei boschi e diventa difficile tenerle in mandria. Come un problema diventa fare il formaggio. Di questa neve rimane memoria e data nei nati in quei giorni: Nives, Nevino, Bianca, Nevio …


Da Sentieri sotto la neve, 1998, Mario Rigoni Stern

Saturday, September 19, 2015

Soil in art

I used some soilscapes by Jay Stratton Noller as cover of some of my slides, meaning that soils can be the object of some artistic research. A papaer was recently brought to my attention from the GeoLog blog .

This is published in the EGU journal Soil, and was written by C. Feller, E. R. Landa, A. Toland, and G. Wessolek. The blog and the paper have also the merit also to give an author name to the very beatiful figure above, which I use in my slides, when I tal about soils, but I did not know to whom give attribution. Now I know that it was published first in Walter Kubiena’s textbook. Landa and Feller also edited a book on soil and culture (pretty expensive indeed).

Reference

Feller, C., Landa, E. R., Toland, A., and Wessolek, G.: Case studies of soil in art, SOIL, 1, 543-559, doi:10.5194/soil-1-543-2015, 2015.

Kubiena, W. L.: Bestimmungsbuch und Systematik der Boden Europas (The soils of Europe), Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 392 pp., 1953.

Landa, E. and Feller, C. (Eds.),  Soil and Culture, Springer, 2010

Sunday, February 1, 2015

Noises of Rain

When it arrives, rain makes noises besides raising scents. It is certainly the case of storms. It does not seems very much important in science, except for underwater noises. But it is important for us. Personally the arriving of a storm (maybe because I was not expose to very extreme, dangerous,  and violent events) gives me a sense of tranquillity or renovation. 

Poets and novelists care, though. One of the thing I learn in my family is this short poetry probably composed at age five by Rabindranath Tagore:

“The rain patters 
   the leaf quivers”

My uncle Marino turning ninety soon, pronounce in Bengoli “bristi pore-pata nore” with a pause between the two lines. 

Another piece of literature to which I am really fond of is the incipit of “Libera nos A Malo”, the novel by Luigi Meneghello.  Libera nos a Malo was translated in English in “Deliver Us”. However, the title reminds, at the same time, Catholic Liturgy, and Malo, the place where Meneghello was born, incidentally a little town confining with my own. He depicts it so intimately in the years between the 30ies and the 50ies, with this language which is my own native, but with many respects so universal. I use it to begin my hydrology course. Below in the translation of Joseph Tomasi, a friend of mine and former student (he translated also the Tagore's line). 

“It begins with a storm …

They were rolls, waves that finished in a puff: known noises, village things. Everything that we have here is animated, lively, maybe because the distances are short and fixed as in a theatre.  The downpours were onto the courtyards here around, the thunder up here above the roofs; I could recognize by ear, a little further up, the place of the usual God that made storms when we were children, He too a village character.  Here all is as if intensified, a matter of scale probably, of inner relationships. The shape of the noises and of these thoughts (which were, after all, the same thing) seemed to me for a moment truer than true, but it cannot be recreated with words. “

Third, it comes, a classic (at least for Italians) from Gabriele D’Annunzio. I can dislike his ideas and what he represented. However, Rain in the pinewood is really beautiful and enjoyable. 
(Translation from here, original from here, composed probably around 1902)

Be silent. At the edge
of the woods I do not hear
the human words you say;
I hear new words
spoken by droplets and leaves
far away.
Listen. It rains
from the scattered clouds.
It rains on the briny, burned
tamarisk,
it rains on the pine trees
scaly and rough,
it rains on the divine
myrtle,
on the bright ginestra flowers
gathered together,
on the junipers full of
fragrant berries,
it rains on our sylvan
faces,
it rains on our
bare hands
on our light
clothes,
on the fresh thoughts
that our soul, renewed,
liberates,
on the beautiful fable
that beguiled you
yesterday, that beguiles me today,
oh Hermione.

Can you hear? The rain falls
on the solitary
vegetation
with a crackling noise that lasts
and varies in the air
according to the thicker,
less thick foliage.
Listen. With their singing, the cicadas
are answering this weeping,
this southern wind weeping
that does not frighten them,
and nor does the grey sky.
And the pine tree
has a sound, the myrtle
another one, the juniper
yet another, different
instruments
under countless fingers.
And we are immersed
in the sylvan spirit,
living the same
sylvan life;
and your inebriated face
is soft from the rain,
like a leaf,
and your hair is
is fragrant like the light
ginestra flowers,
oh terrestrial creature
called Hermione.

Listen, listen. The song
of the flying cicadas
becomes fainter
and fainter
as the weeping
grows stronger;
but a rougher song
rises from afar,
and flows in
from the humid remote shadow.
Softer and softer
gets weaker, fades away.
One lonely note
still trembles, fades away.
No one can hear the voice of the sea.
Now you can hear the silver rain
pouring in
on the foliage,
rain that purifies,
its roar that varies
according to the thicker,
less thick foliage.
Listen.
The child of the air
is silent; but the child
of the miry swamp, the frog,
far away,
sings in the deepest of shadows
who knows where, who knows where!
And it rains on your lashes,
Hermione.


It rains on your black lashes
as if you were weeping,
weeping from joy; not white
but almost green,
you seem to come out of the bark.
And life is in us fresh
and fragrant,
the heart in our chests is like a peach
untouched
under the eyelids our eyes
are like springs in the grass
and the teeth in our mouths
green almonds.
And we go from thicket to thicket,
at a time together, at a time apart
(the vegetation, thick and vigorous,
entwines our ankles
entangles our knees)
who knows where, who knows where!
And it rains on our sylvan
faces,
it rains on our
bare hands
on our light
clothes,
on the fresh thoughts
that our soul, renewed,
liberates,
on the beautiful fable
that beguiled me
yesterday, that beguiles you today,

oh Hermione.

P.S. - The picture is by Michele Vettorazzi. He describes his photo as follows: "I was close to the Refuge Rome, where I was for the climbing the next day  Monte Nevoso (3358 m),  Monte Magro (3273 m) and Sasso Lungo (3227 m). In the late afternoon I saw it coming a storm announced by blacks heavy clouds  that were gathering near the Collalto (3435 m). I immediately looked for something interesting to put in the foreground to give strength to the composition,  and I found these large boulders. I ran a dozen shots; its last step the position of the clouds, lightning and boulders was perfect. Shortly after the storm was over. Nikon D800, 16-35mm f4 @ 16mm; ISO 80; f / 20 - 20 sec. Incidentally Michele was my second graduate student, many years ago but, obviously, I do not have any role of his ability as photographer.

Thursday, November 20, 2014

At the Disasters' School of Dr. Unavoidable (after the recent flooding in Italy) - by Stefano Benni

Tagged with #La Repubblica 19 novembre 2014#Stefano Benni
( I am sorry for the bad English, but here it is the satyric article by Stefano Benni)

About the latest climate catastrophes of our country, we interviewed an expert little known, but which plays an important role. Is Dr. Unavoidable, responsible  of UTMA, Ufficio Tutela Mutamento Ambientale (Protection Bureau against Environmental Change). 
- Dr. Unavoidable, first let us define the role of your office. That is clearly to protect the soil and Italian citizens against climate disasters -. 
- No, I correct. Our office is responsible for protecting and maintaining the situation of environmental destruction, preventing solutions that would create costly and utopian expectations -. 
- Excuse me, but why? 
- For many reasons. First, because the environmental change requires adaptation, and as long as the Italian people do not get used to  collapses,  flooding and landslides they will always be scared and insecure. And because the climate disaster is unavoidable, it becomes necessary a new culture, which is that the inevitability -.
 -Do some examples ...



- Our office is looking for new forms of communication to help the Italians to accept that climate change with patience. For example, we coined the term "water bomb". It is obvious that against the old showers once you could do something, but against a water bomb there is nothing to do. The fault lies with clouds militarized and bellicose. They used to say: here comes the bad weather. Now they say: it comes the cyclone Charon, the anticyclone Polyphemus, hurricane Cynthia. All feel inside an epic event, or like waiting for a nosy friend. Close the door firmly, Cynthia arrives. And. please, stop with ideological speculations, be quantitative! When I say that in a place they fell 200 mm of water, that is, as it usually rains in a month in Caracas, I explain mathematically the misfortune of what happened. It is not true that we do not bustle, we have  detection systems at state-of-art and tiring ... you know how much time is lost to collect two hundred millimeters of water with a spoon?
- Climate change is known. Against flooding, illegal buildings, landslides, can't you do prevention?
- Unfortunately we do not have the money for prevention. We need to spend them to repair the damage of what we do not have prevented. If we spent the money for prevention, then we would not have the money to repair the damage -.
- But perhaps preventing there would be not damages ...
- This is a bizarre aspect of the matter, we are studying it. But we do a lot of prevention. For example, in fifty years television weather forecasts increased from three to three thousand a day, and the graphics are much improved. Another example, if homes are built in a geologically hazardous us ...
- Do not allow to build, and move people away -.
- No, we can not intervene, it would take the army. But we immediately say that they are abusive. Then we condone them. Indeed, from now on we think of condone them even before they build illegally. It's not a great idea?
- You think in a strange way. And the flooding?
- We were not ready. Once the rivers "came out of the bed," "inundated", "overflowed", "overrun". But now do a new thing "esondano". We did not expect -.
- C'mon it's the same thing. The Po river "esonda" and floods, but it has already done so many times -.
- Of course, the Po can do it, it is a great river. But now any creek or channel feels entitled to overflows. We can not check them all, it seems that they do it on purpose -.
- And the banks? The work of containment? Reforestation?
- You see, if I have to build Milan Expo or ghost palaces at La Maddalena, I have no obstacles, large contracts must be shipped quickly and, with a little of bribes, everything speeds up. But every time there is a contract for a levee, for a consolidation effort to dredge a river, firms in competition sue, they appeal to the TAR, everything is delayed. It is not our fault. We should entrust the hydrogeological hazard prevention to a pool (in English in the original), or to the mafia or to FIAT, and then things would go quick. But they do not let you do it-.
- So in the future will be even worse?
- It depends on how we see the situation. We are preparing a new approach to scientific and media. First we created the event ω, omega event -.
- What is it?
- The event ω - omega is a type of occurrence very rare and unpredictable. For example, the rain of Genoa, a clash between comets, an internet connection to work properly, a soccer arbitrage without controversy. These exceptional events we can deal with only one way -.
- What's that?
- You see the shape of the omega, what would you remember? We hope in our ass, and above all, we politicians must have a face like an ass -.
- I do not see much of a prevention in it-.
- The government does not have to make prevention. It has already has too much to worry with European banks and shopping sprees in dildos. It is the people who must assume their responsibility with regard to climate change. We have forgotten that Homo sapiens comes from water, that we are born anfibi. We must be ready to return to our natural element. In any Italian house there must be at least a raft or a boat, life jackets for everyone and a wetsuit, ("muta" in Italian, word derived from mutare, "to change") and also snorkel and fins. Stop to complain that the subway is flooded! Dive! This means to be good citizens ...
- But it is years we are waiting for a new Hydro-geological Plan -. 
- And we have many new ideas. Against the otters that eat away the banks, we will introduce into rivers dozens of crocodiles. Bed and breakfast in the craters of volcanoes will be prohibited. The committee for the earthquake's risk will be replaced by a fortune-teller. Homes where there will be only the fifth floor will be built to prevent flooding. To avoid complaints about delays of the trains, schedules in the stations will be written in Chinese. But above all, from now on, all over the country applies the fuchsia code, which means that we are always in an emergency. If you go by car, on foot, by bike, fuck you. You were warned. - So you think Italians will have to get used to the disasters? - Yes, they will have to happily live them, because they are the unavoidable future. Farewell Mediterranean climate, we have entered the climate Omega. Excuse me, but call me on the phone -. 
- Dr. Unavoidable, is your secretary. They say that the road is flooded and your car was swept away ... 
- How? But it's a scandal! What has happened? 
- Excuse me, but have fallen 132 millimeters of rain has flooded the garage as usual and culverts are clogged -. 
- That's enough with this bullshit of millimeters of rain !. Where are the firemen? The culverts clogged, what a scandal! My new Mercedes. What does the government? 
- Excuse me doctor, but the government is you, and just told us that we need to adapt to climate omega -. 
- Who gives a damn, the car is mine. Where are my fishing boots and the duck-life- jacket ? But in that shitty country we live in? And as for omega event, you know what?
 - I can imagine ... thanks for the interview, Dr. Unavoidable.

Stefano Benni

and if you want some statistics on hydrological and geological hazards in Italy, see the report from IRPI here. 

Friday, January 14, 2011

From the work "the thousand rivers” (i mille fiumi) by Arrigo Boetti and Anna-marie Sauzeau-Boetti

classification by order of magnitude is the most common method for classifying information relative to a certain category, in the case of rivers, size can be understood to the power of one, two, or three, that is, it can be expressed in km, km2, or km3 (length, catchment area, or discharge), the length criterion is the most arbitrary and naive but still the most widespread, and yet it is impossible to measure the length of a river for the thousand and more perplexities that its fluid nature brings up (because of its meanders and its passage through lakes, because of its ramifications around islands or its movements in the delta areas, because of man’s intervention along its course, because of the elusive boundaries between fresh water and salt water...) many rivers have never been measured because their banks and waters are inaccessible, even the water spirits sympathize at times with the flora and the fauna in order to keep men away, as a consequence some rivers flow without name, unnamed because of their untouched nature, or unnamable because of human aversion (some months ago a pilot flying low over the brazilian forest discovered a “new” tributary of the amazon river). other rivers cannot be measured, instead, because they have a name, a casual name given to them by men (a single name along its entire course when the river, navigable, becomes means of human communication; different names when the river, formidable, visits isolated human groups); now the entity of a river can be established either with reference to its name (trail of the human adventure), or with reference to its hydrographic integrity (the adventure of the water from the remotest source point to the sea, independently of the names assigned to the various stretches), the problem is that the two adventures rarely coincide, usually the adventure of the explorer is against the current, starting from the sea; the adventure of the water, on the other hand, finishes there, the explorer going upstream must play heads or tails at every fork, because upstream of every confluence everything rarefies: the water, sometimes the air, but always one’s certainty, while the river that descends towards the sea gradually condenses its waters and the certainty of its inevitable path, who can say whether it is better to follow man or the water? the water, say the modern geographers, objective and humble, and so the begin to recompose the identity of the rivers, an example: the mississippi of new orleans is not the extension of the mississippi that rises from lake itasca in minnesota, as they teach at school, but of a stream that rises in western montana with the name jefferson red rock and then becomes the mississippi-missouri in st louis, the number of kilometres upstream is greater on the missouri side, but in fact this “scientific” method is applied only to the large and prestigious rivers, those likely to compete for records of length, the methodological rethinking is not wasted on minor rivers (less than 800km) which continue to be called, and measured, only according to their given name, even if, where there are two source course (with two other given names), the longer of the two could be rightly included in the main course, the current classification reflects this double standard, this follows the laws of water and the laws of men, because that is how the relevant information is given, in short, it reflects the biased game of information rather than the fluid life of water, this classification was began in 1970 and ended in 1973, some data were transcribed from famous publications, numerous data were elaborated from material supplied non-european geographic institution, governments, universities, private research centres, and individual accademics from all over the world, this convergence of documentation constitutes the the substance and the meaning of the work, the innumerable asterisks contained in these thousand record cards pose innumerable doubts and contrast with the rigid classification method, the partialness of the existing information, the linguistic problems associated with their identity, and the irremediably elusive nature of water all mean that this classification, like all those that proceeded it or that will follow, will always be provisional and illusionary

Anne-marie Sauzeau-Boetti

(TN the text is published without capital letters)
(translation by Joseph Tomasi)

A comment on the opera can be found, for instance, here, at Moma site.