Introduzione alla geomorfologia

La geomorfometria è la scienza che studia in modo quantitativo la geomorfologia, specialmente attraverso l'uso dei nuovi strumenti digitali. Da anni ho sviluppato con i miei collaboratori degli strumenti (dei software) di analisi raccolti nella  Horton Machine.

La lezione è divisa in 5 parti:

1- Gli elementi di base. Audio  2014: (18.4 Mb). Audio 2015 (22.9 Mb)
2 - Le grandezze derivate. Audio 2014 (24 Mb). Audio 2015 (10.4 Mb)
3 - Dove iniziano i canali. Audio 2015 (12 Mb)
4 - La sintesi digitale delle conoscenze sui bacini idrografici. Audio 2015 (4.6 Mb)
5 -Leggi geomorfologiche, processi idrologici e geomorfologia, Audio 2014 (22.8 Mb). Audio 2015 (15.4 Mb)

Tutto il materiale di supporto sulla Horton Machine, già nominato sopra,  si trova in quest'altro post.

Bibliografia (citata nelle slides)

Broscoe, A.J., 1995, Quantitative analysis of longitudinal stream profiles of small watersheds, Office of Naval Research, Project NR 389-042, Technical Report No. 18, Department of Geology, Columbia University, New York.

Howard A.D., A detachment-limited model of drainage basin evolution, Water Resources Research, vol. 30, n. 7, p. 2261-2285, 1994.

Leopold, L.B., and Maddock, T., Jr, The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 252. 57p, 1953 

Maidment D.R., ed., Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources, ESRI Press, Redlands, Ca, 2002

Montgomery D.R. & Dietrich W.E., Channel initiation and the problem of landscape scale, Science, vol. 255, p. 826-830, 1992.

Moretti and Orlandini. Automatic delineation of drainage basins from elevation contour data using skeleton construction techniques.  (2007) pp. 1-39

Orlandini et al. On the prediction of channel heads in a complex alpine terrain using gridded elevation data. Water Resour. Res. (2011) vol. 47 (2) pp. W02538

Peckham S., New results for self-similar trees with applications to river networks, Water Resources Research, vol. 31, n. 4, p. 1023–1029, 1995

Peckham and Jordan. Digital Terrain Modelling. Lecture Notes In Geoinformation and cartography (2007) pp. 1-326

Rigon R., I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, A. Rinaldo, A. Maritan, A. Giacometti and D. Tarboton, On Hack's law, Water Resources Research, vol. 32, n. 11, p. 3367, 1996

Rigon R., Ghesla E., Tiso C. & Cozzini A., Cozzini The HORTON machine: a system for DEM analysis : the reference manual . Trento: Università di Trento. Dipartimento di ingegneria civile e ambientale, May 2006. - p. viii, 136, ISBN 10:88-8443-147-6, 

Rinaldo, A., Rodriguez-Iturbe I. and Rigon R., Channel networks, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 26, 289-327, 1998

Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. and Rinaldo, A.: Fractal River Basins. Chance and Self-Organization, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997.

Tarboton, D.G., A new method for the determination of flow directions and contributing areas in Grid Digital Elevation Models, Water Resources Research, vol. 33, n. 2, 309-319, http://www.engineering.usu.edu/cee/faculty/dtarb/dinf.pdf 

Tarboton, D.G., R.L. Bras and Rodriguez-Iturbe, 1992, A Physical Basis for Drainage Density, Geomorphology, vol. 5, n. 1/2

Venuleo, S., Analisi teoriche e di campo per la caratterizzazione di bacini idrografici montani,  Tesi di Laurea, Relatori: Rinaldo A., Passadorr, G., Padova, 2014

Wilson, J. P. and J. C. Gallant, (2000), Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 479 p.

Wood, J.D. (1996) The geomorphological characterisation of digital elevation models PhD Thesis, University of Leicester, UK

Un'Introduzione all'idrologia

Qui di seguito potete trovare introduzione al corso (Youtube).   L'introduzione all'idrologia come scienza fisica, è suddiviso in varie parti:

1 -  All'inizio fu l'acqua
2 -  I flussi idrologici e la risorsa idrica. Audio 2015: (6.2 MB)
3 -  I fenomeni estremi. Audio 2015: (7 Mb)
4 -  Il mezzo è il messaggio.  Audio 2015: (8.8 Mb)
5 -  L'informazione idrologica
6 -  Bilanci di Massa ed Energia. Audio 2014:  (11.8 Mb)
7 -  Il bilancio globale di Energia. Audio 2014 (6.3 Mb)
8 -  Variabilità spaziale del ciclo idrologico. Audio 2014 (8.3 Mb)
9 -  Scale temporali nel ciclo idrologico. Audio 2014:  (6.1 Mb)
10 -Budiko Analysis (YouTube Video)

(Una splendida introduzione alternativa, anche se non tecnologicamente up-to-date,  è la lettura dell'articolo "Evolution of modern  hydrology" di P. Eagleson,  WRR 1994.

Una visione complementare è anche offerta da "Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources", di T. Oki e S,. Kanae).

Per tornare al post principale qui.

Bibliografia

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., & Gleeson, T. (2012). Regional strategies for the accelerating global problem of groundwater depletion. Nature Geoscience, 5(12), 853–861. doi:10.1038/ngeo1617

Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., Roesch, T., and  Siebert, S. (2003). Global estimates of water withdrawals and availability under current and future “business-as-usual” conditions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 339–348. doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.339.45278

Amante C. & Eakins B.W., ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, United States Department of Commerce, Boulder, CO, August 2008. Available www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1sources.html

Ball, P. - H2O, a biography of water, Phoenix ed., 1999

Batjes N.H., ISRIC-WISE Harmonized Global Soil Profile Dataset (Ver. 3.1), Wageningen: ISRIC - World Soil Information, 2008 (ISRIC Report 2008/02) 

Baumgartner A. & Reichel E., The World Water Balance. Elsevier, New York, 179 p., 1975

Bertoldi, G., R. Rigon & T. M. Over, Impact of watershed geomorphic characteristics on the energy and water budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 389–403, 2006. 

Budyko M.I., Evaporation under natural conditions, Gidrometeorizdat, Leningrad (1948) English translation by IPST, Jerusalem .

Budyko M.I., Climate and life, transl. and edit. by Miller, D. H., Academic Press, London, 1974

Dingman S., Physical Hydrology, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1994.

Donohue RJ, Roderick M, McVicar TR. 2007. On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in Budyko’s hydrological model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 983–995.

Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40.

Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, NRC, 1986, 

Kwon, E. Y., G. Kim, F. Primeau, W. S. Moore, H.-M. Cho, T. DeVries, J. L. Sarmiento, M. A. Charette, and Y.-K. Cho (2014), Global estimate of submarine groundwater discharge based on an observationally constrained radium isotope model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8438–8444, doi:10.1002/ 2014GL061574.

Hijmans R.J., Condori B., Carillo R., Kropff M.J., A quantitative and constraint-specific method to assess the potential impact of new agricultural technology: the case of frost resistant potato for the Altiplano (Peru and Bolivia). Agricultural Systems, vol. 76, p. 895–911, 2005.

Holland, H. D. (2006). The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 361(1470), 903–915. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1838

"i mille fiumi" di Arrigo Boetti e Anna-marie Sauzeau-Boetti

Lehner B. & Doll P., Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology Volume, vol. 296, p. 1-22, 2004

Lenton, T. (1998). Gaia and natural selection. Nature, 394, 439-447.

Lin, B., Stackhouse P.V. Jr., Minnis P., Wielicki B.A., Hu Y., Sun W., Fan T.-F. &, Hinkelman L.M., Assessment of global annual atmospheric energy balance from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 113, D16114, doi:10.1029/2008JD009869, 2008

 Mitchell, J.M., an overview of climate variability and its causal mechanisms, Quaternary Res., 6, 481-493

Oki, T. (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources. Science, 313(5790), 1068–1072. doi:10.1126/science.1128845

Oldekop E., About evapotranspiration in riverine basins (in Russian). Jurjev (Tartu), 1911

Peixoto, J.P., and A. H., Oort, The Physics of Climate, AIP, 1992

Peixoto J.P. & Kettani M.A., The control of the water cycle, Sci. American, vol. 228, p. 46-61, 1973

Rabus B., Eineder M., Roth A. & Bamler R., The shuttle radar topography mission - a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, vol. 57, p. 241-262, 2003

Rigon R., Bertoldi G. & T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and energy budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 371- 388, 2006.

Serafin, F., Sull’analisi climatica del tirolo mediante modellazione geostatistica e ricerca dei parametri per la descrizione di funzioni climatiche stagionali, tesi di laurea triennale, realtori R. Rigon e Matteo Dall’Amico, 2011

Shiklomanov I.A. & Sokolov A.A., Methodological basis of world water balance investigation and computation. In: New Approaches in Water Balance Computations. IAHS Publ. no. 148, p. 77-90, 1983

Shiklomanov, I. A. (2000). World water resources: a new appraisal and assessment for the 21st century; 1998, 1–40.

Simoni S., F. Zanotti, G. Bertoldi & R. Rigon, Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS, Hydrol. Proc., vol. 22, n. 4, p. 532-545, 2007.

Voisin, N., Wood, A. W., & Lettenmaier, D. P. (2008). Evaluation of Precipitation Products for Global Hydrological Prediction. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9(3), 388–407. doi:10.1175/2007JHM938.1

Vörösmarty, C. J. (2000). Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth. Science, 289(5477), 284–288. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.284

Wallace J.M. & Hobbs P.V., Atmospheric Science An Introductory Survey. Academic Press. New York. 467pp., 1997

Zhang L., Dawes W.R. & Walker G.R., Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes at catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., vol. 37, p. 701–708, 2001. 

My Past Research on Physico-Statistical Modelling of the Water Cycle at Basin Scale

While GEOtop [J24, J25] is for process-based modelling of the mass and energy budgets at a small scale, in order to model larger catchments, which include abstraction works or hydraulic structures, it was decided to implement a new modelling system JGrass-NewAGE [J34].  This system sacrifices process details in favour of  efficient calculations.  It is made of components apt at returning statistical hydrological quantities, opportunely averaged in time and space.  One of the goals of this implementation effort was to create the basis for a physico-statistical hydrology in which the hydrological spatially distributed dynamics is reduced into low dimensional components, when necessary surrogating the internal heterogeneities with "suitable noise" and a probabilistic description.

Unlike other efforts of synthesis, JGrass-NewAge wants to keep the spatial description explicit, at various degrees of simplicity.  This has been made possible by opportune processing of distributed information which, in this way, has become part of the model itself.
From the point of view of the information technology used to implement the modelling  [J41, A44, A49, A50], the system is based on the OMS v 3 system, which allows the use of modern, object-oriented strategies for the structuring of the deployment of the software and, at the same time, furnishing not a model, but various, interchangeable, modeling solutions (MS) that can be adapted to the problems in hand and the practical demands of the problem being solved.
The modeling system, as well as the components to model the physical processes themselves, also includes various tools for the processing of input data (for example, Kriging tools), including all the tools of the Horton Machine [eb3] for the processing of digital terrain data, and the tools for the treatment and interpretation of the output data, for the calibration of model parameters, and (in perspective) for continuous data assimilation.
With this in mind, an effort that is currently being made is that of creating an opportune digital watershed scheme that can accommodate the needs of the various modeling conceptualizations and the identification of areas that are hydrologically "similar" that can be treated conjointly during the calculation of flows and storage. At the moment, model solutions use standard implementations.  [J34, J41, A50] contains the description of the rainfall-runoff part of the modelling system; [J43] is a verification of the radiation budgets components; [J44] is an example of simplified snow modelling.  As a standard, any components is verified by itself against the data relative to the process that it describes, using various automatic calibration procedures, and quantitative objective functions. [J34, J41] using the infrastructure show how increased geomorphological (and processes) information affects the quality of reproduction of the hydrologic response. [j44] explains the watershed partition, based on a generalisation of the Pfafstetter numbering scheme, that guide the functioning of the JGrass-NewAGE system.

References 

In English:

[J24] - Rigon R., Bertoldi G e T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and energy budgets, Vol. 7, No. 3, pages 371-388

[J25] Bertoldi G. R. Rigon e T. M. Over, Impact of watershed geomorphic char- acteristics on the energy and water budgets, Vol. 7, No. 3, pages 389-394, 2006

[J34] - Formetta, G.; Mantilla, R.; Franceschi, S., Antonello A., Rigon R., The JGrass- NewAge system for forecasting and managing the hydrological budgets at the basin scale: models of flow generation and propagation/routing, Geoscientific Model Development Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Pages: 943-955, DOI: 10.5194/gmd-4- 943-201, 2011

[A49] Formetta G., Antonello A., Franceschi S., David O. and Rigon R., The informatics of the hydrological modelling system JGrass-NewAge, 2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Managing Resources of a Limited Planet, Sixth Biennial Meeting, Leipzig, Germany R. Seppelt, A.A. Voinov, S. Lange, D. Bankamp (Eds.) http://www.iemss.org/society/index.php/iemss- 2012-proceedings, 2012

[j36] - Formetta G., Rigon R., Chavez J.L., David O., The short wave radiation model in JGrass-NewAge System, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 915-928, 2013, www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/915/2013/
doi:10.5194/gmd-6-915-2013

[J39] - Formetta G., Antonello A., Franceschi S., David O., and Rigon R., Hydrological modelling with components: A GIS-based open-source framework, Environmental Modelling & Software, 5 (2014), 190-200

[j42] - Formetta G., David O., Kampf S., Rigon R., The Cache la Poudre river basin snow water equivalent modeling with NewAge-JGrass, accepted GMD, 2014

[j44] Formetta G. , Antonello A. , Franceschi S. , David O., Rigon R.,  Digital watershed representation within the NewAge-JGrass system. Boletin Geologico y Minero, 125 (3): 371-381, 2014. ISSN: 0366-0176

In Italian:

[A44] Antonello A., Franceschi S., Formetta G., Rigon R., L’infrastruttura NewAGE per la previsione e la gestione dei bilanci idrici a scala di bacino: I - La struttura informatica, in Atti XXXII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Palermo, 14-17 Settembre 2010

[A45] Formetta G., Franceschi S., Antonello A., Cordano E., Mantilla R., Rigon R., Il sistema NewAGE per la previsione e la gestione dei bilanci idrici a scala di bacino. II - I modelli di generazione, aggregazione e propagazione del deflusso. in Atti XXXII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Palermo, 14-17 Settembre 2010

[A50] Formetta G., Rigon R, Le nuove componenti modellistiche di JGrass-NewAGE, Atti del XXXIII Convegno di Idraulica e costruzioni Idrauliche, Brescia, 10-15 settembre 2012

My Past Research on Rainfall-Runoff (Peak Flows) Modelling and related topics

These works of mine reagards event base prediction of discharges based on the Geomorphological Unit Hydrograph. They show that the detailed knowledge of a river basin's morphology allows one to frame the main features of the  hydrological response in terms of a minimal set of dynamical parameters.  This is relevant insomuch as the form of river networks can now be derived with automatic high resolution and objective remote-sensing techniques.  Typically, the required dynamical parameters are the mean flow velocity in the network and distribution of residence times of water in the hillslopes.

In this context, the variance of the GIUH is proven to depend mostly on the structure of the pathways followed by the single volumes of effective rainfall from their release points to the control cross-section (geomorphological dispersion) [J1] rather than on the hydrodynamic dispersion; the latter becoming  relevant only at the large scale.
Generally, it is possible to determine with precision the first moment, the variance, the  skewness, and the kurtosis of the hydrological response of a river basin  as a whole [A3, A9].  In [A7, J12] the production mechanisms of effective rainfall and the  characteristic contributions of the hillslopes are studied. As a result it was observed that rarely is the  response time of the hillslopes negligible when calculating the hydrological response of the  river basin as a whole.
In  [A18, A19, J21] the use of width functions in the construction of the GIUH and the concept
of including information about initial moisture conditions for the basis are further developed.
In this way it was observed that, with varying fractions of saturated river basin, the hillslopes
and channels contributed different fractions to the flood wave;  the hillslopes being particularly
important under conditions of extreme saturation of the basin [J21].
The formulation of the GIUH on the basis of width functions has also given semi-analytical
results regarding peak times and maximum discharges for a basin [J31].
All of these studies brought to the implementation of part of the Horton Machine [eb-3], and on the model Peakflow (e.g. http://www.jgrasstools.org).

The post on the lecture given at Montpellier contains the rational and an explicitation of the assumption made in such type of modelling.

More recently, the study of the hydrological response was directed mainly towards the investigation
of runoff production mechanisms on hillslopes (actually in researches related to the hillslope stability),  in relation to the soil depth [J33, J35, J37] and brought new insights to the concept of hydrological connectivity. These studies overcome the results in [A29] that, while interesting, assume simplistic hillslope setups. Parallel efforts, which are reported in Physico-Statistical Modelling of the Hydrological Cycle, were made in overcoming the limitations of event based modelling.

The paper [j47] is a review taken from a historical-critical point of view of the theory of the geomorphological unit hydrograph that also enlarge the view to the modern theories for describing water fluxes by travel time. It also serves as the starting point for future research in this directions.

References

In English:

[J1] - Rinaldo, A., A. Marani and R. Rigon, Geomorphological dispersion, Water Resources Research, 27(4), 513-525, 1991

[J12] - Rinaldo A., G. K. Vogel, R., Rigon and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, Can one gauge the shape of a basin?, Water Resources Research, (31)4, 1119-1127, 1995.

[A18] - Rigon, R., Cozzini A., Pisoni S. Getting the Rescaled Width Function and the Derived WGIUH. The Geomatic Workbooks, (http://geomatica.ing.unico.it), 2001

[A19] - Rigon, R., Cozzini A., Pisoni S. Looking for a new method of estimating solid discharges in small alpine watersheds. The Geomatic Workbooks, vol. 2, (http://geomatica.ing.unico.it), 2001

[J21] - D’Odorico, P. e R. Rigon, Hillslope and channel contributions to the hydrologic response, submitted to Water Resour. Res., 2003

[A29] - Panciera, R., Chirico G.B., Rigon R., Grayson R. Contributing Area Dynamics produced by Saturation Excess Runoff. Atti del XXIX Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Settembre 2004

[eb-3] - R.Rigon, E. Ghesla, C. Tiso and A. Cozzini, The Horton Machine, pg. viii, 136, ISBN 10:88-8443-147-6, University of Trento, 2006

[J31] - R. Rigon, P. D’Odorico, and G. Bertoldi, The geomorphic structure of the runoff peak, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 8, 1031-1058, doi:10.5194/hessd-8- 1031-2011, 2011

[J33] - Lanni, C.; McDonnell, J. J.; Rigon, R., On the relative role of upslope and downslope topography for describing water flow path and storage dynamics: a theoretical analysis, Hydrological Processes Volume: 25 Issue: 25 Pages: 3909-3923, DEC 15 2011, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8263

[J35] - Lanni C., J. McDonnell JJ, Hopp L., Rigon R., "Simulated effect of soil depth and bedrock topography on near-surface hydrologic response and slope stability" in Earth Surface Processes and  Landforms, v. 2012, (In press). - URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.3267/abstract . - DOI: 10.1002/esp.3267

[J37] - Lanni C., Borga M., Rigon R., and Tarolli P., Modelling catchment-scale shallow landslide occurrence by means of a subsurface flow path connectivity index, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 9, 4101-4134, www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci- discuss.net/9/4101/2012/ doi:10.5194/hessd-9-4101-2012,
HESS

[J47] - Rigon R.,  Bancheri M.,  Formetta G.,  deLavenne A. , The geomorphic unit hydrograph from a historical-critical perspective, accepted in Earth Sci. Proc. & Landforms, 2015


In Italian:

[A3] - Rigon, R., Influenza della morfologia di un bacino montano sui caratteri della risposta idrologica, Atti del XXXII Convegno di Idraulica e di Costruzione idrauliche, Firenze, 1992.

[A7] - Rigon, R., Formulazione del trasporto per tempi di residenza: un‘alternativa ai modelli di pioggia efficace nel calcolo della risposta idrologica, Atti del XXIV Convegno di Idraulica e di Costruzione idrauliche, Napoli, 1994

[A9] - Rigon, R., P. D’Odorico e L. Parra, Metodi geomorfologici di inferenza della risposta idrologica, Atti del XXV Convegno di Idraulica e di Costruzioni idrauliche, Torino, 1996.

[A13] - D’Odorico, P., M. Marani e R. Rigon, Questioni geomorfologiche e previsione delle piene nei bacini fluviali, Atti XXVI Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Vol II, 73, 1998

[A24] - Rinaldo A., M. Marani, A. Fornasiero, G. Botter, S. Silvestri, A. Bellin, Rigon R., M. Ferri, F. Baruffi, A. Rusconi. Modelli geomorfologici - Montecarlo per la valutazione del tempo di ritorno delle piene fluviali: fiume Brenta chiuso a Bassano. Atti del XXVIII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, vol. 1, pp.271-278, 2002

Il corso di Idrologia (My hydrology class)

In questa pagina, aggiornandola costantemente, carico il materiale del corso di Idrologia per gli Studenti della laurea triennale di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, prodotto da me, da Giuseppe Fornetta e da altri collaboratori. Le slides saranno visibili pubblicamente a tutti e caricate su Slideshare (e non vanno confuse con quelle dei corsi passati) dal quale si potranno scaricare liberamente. I documenti pdf dovranno essere scaricati direttamente senza un preview.   Il materiale è distribuito con licenza Creative Commons.

Material is in Italian. However, I will provide soon a page where all of it will be quietly translated in English (older versions can be found at: http://www.slideshare.net/SlidesAboutHydrology/presentations/).

1   - Introduzione al Corso
2   - Introduzione all'idrologia
3   - Introduzione alla geomorfologia e alla delineazione dei bacini idrografici
4   -  Introduzione ai GIS e ai JGrasstools^0. Usare QGIS.
5   - Misura e rappresentazione dei dati idrologici.
6   - Inferenza e statistica descrittiva. Audio 2014 (24.5 M). Audio 2015 (30.7 Mb). Una guida a fumetti sull'argomento.
7   - Un ripasso di probabilità.
8   -  Introduzione ad R (the old slides; the new scripts). Un paio di dispense utili: I e II)^1^2
9   - Le precipitazioni
10 - Un po' di interpolazione spaziale (ho usato le slides di M. Alberti). La dispensa di G. Raspa è un'ottima introduzione alla geostatistica. Audio (24 Mb)
11 - L'acqua nei suoli e nel sottosuolo (a cui è dedicato un nuovo post)
12 - La generazione del deflusso superficiale
 *  - Deflusso superficiale
 *  - Deflussi nei canali
13 - La radiazione solare (una piu' recente versione, delle slides, ma in inglese, si trova qui)
14 - L'evapotraspirazione.
15 - La neve in quattro parti
16 - Effetti del cambiamento climatico sull'idrologia
______________________________________________________________________________
Fuori Programma:

17 - La moderna teoria dell'idrogramma Istantaneo Unitario e il modello Peakflow (e la sua teoria)
18 - Elementi di telerilevamento (Claudio Persello): I e II
19 - Qualcosa di (relativamente) semplice sul franamento a scala di bacino
______________________________________________________________________________


QUI I RISULTATI DELLA PROVA INTERMEDIA 2012
QUI I RISULTATI DELLA PROVA INTERMEDIA 2013
QUI I RISULTATI DELLA PROVA INTERMEDIA 2014
QUI I RISULTATI DELLA PROVA INTERMEDIA 2016
______________________________________________________________________________

Alcune relazioni di esempio:

Relazione geomorfologica

Le relazioni sono state calcolate con i JGrasstools e non tutte le analisi potrebbero essere ottenibili con altri software.

Serafin-Ridolfi (91 Mb).
Fedrizzi-Zurlo (6.1 Mb)
Trombini-Djisseko-Dziali (14.2 Mb)

Relazione pluviometrica (con R)

Vieceli (3.7 Mb)
Lena-Santoni (2.2. MB)
Cumer-Nessenzia (1.4 Mb)

______________________________________________________________________________
^* Domande del test intermedio 2012
     Domande del test intermedio 2013
     Domande del test intermedio 2016

^0  - Qui trovate alcuni DEM per esercitarvi e per confrontare, nel caso, i vostri risultati:  il rio Valpiana (100 Mb)

^1 - Il mio post su R può servire per partire. Sul sito di R si trovano varie risorse per imparare ad usare R. Un gruppo italiano di utenti di R è Rante e li' vi si trova anche un manuale introduttivo ad R.  Tra gli altri strumenti, in inglese, ci sono quelli che potete trovare qui.   I contributi ad R si susseguono così velocemente che ogni giorno ce ne sono di migliori. Quindi tenete d'occhio il web. C'e' anche una versione del libro di Matloff, The Art of R programming.

^2 -  Trovate al link il file delle portate 1990-2005.txt  e il file della Pluviometria di Paperopoli (Unix/Mac o  MS-Windows) utilizzati a lezione. Qui, invece,  lo script di R con tutti i comandi eseguiti nella lezione del 2 Aprile 2012

JGrass-NewAge system first publication

JGrass-NewAGE started as a project for Adige River Basin Authority. The goal was to study, besides the peak flows, droughts, and integrating it with a database, a GIS system, still maintaining the possibility to change parts of the whole system at the necessity. Indeed all the ideas expressed in the  GEOFRAME talk
at 2008 CUAHSI meeting.  The pillar on which we wanted to base that effort was also to have open source, multiplatform, software, possibly developed with open source resources.

We chose to use up-to-date software engineering solutions and therefore we looked for developing software by components.  As explained in another posts we first chose OpenMI and eventually OMS v3 as components framework. We are currently happy with this choice and finally the whole system seems to work incrementally.

The publication on GMD hopefully speaks by itself about what the system does (but many aspects of this enterprise will be explained in other papers). What we hope that this effort can attract the work of other producers of components to enrich the choices that users can do.

Marco Borga's talk

Marco concentrated mainly on the interplay between rainfall and the catchment structure, as derived from the data of his Hydrate EU project. Interestingly he introduced (after, he said, initial suggestions from Jim Smith) some spatial moments (i.e. the moments of the spatial distribution of the rainfall with respect to the catchment) to quantify the storm movements during flood events. His results shows that usually storm can be considered almost stationary (on average) over the catchments, but some events are more strongly characterized than other, and especially, concentrating close to the mountain ridge. This cannot be obviously a general result, since around the World the relative position of the relative location of storm to the catchment can be different. What is of general importance is that the space-time evolution of storms can be of some relevance in producing flash floods, and that now we have a statistical tool for quantifying these storms.

 Here it is Marco's abstract on his seminar: Spatial moments of catchment rainfall: rainfall spatial organisation, basin morphology and flood response

 "In this talk I will introduce a general analytical framework for assessing the dependence existing between spatial rainfall organisation, basin morphology and runoff response. The analytical framework builds upon a set of spatial rainfall statistics (termed ‘spatial moments of catchment rainfall’) which describe the spatial rainfall organisation in terms of concentration and dispersion statistics as a function of the distance measured along the flow routing coordinate. The introduction of these statistics permits derivation of a simple relationship for the quantification of storm velocity at the catchment scale. The talk illustrates the development of the analytical framework and explains the conceptual meaning of the statistics by means of application to five extreme flash floods occurred in various European regions in the period 2002-2007. High resolution radar rainfall fields and a distributed hydrologic model are employed to examine how effective are these statistics in describing the degree of spatial rainfall organisation which is important for runoff modelling. This is obtained by quantifying the effects of neglecting the spatial rainfall variability on flood modelling, with a focus on runoff timing. The size of the study catchments ranges between 36 to 982 km2. The analysis reported here shows that the spatial moments of catchment rainfall can be effectively employed to isolate and describe the features of rainfall spatial organization which have significant impact on runoff simulation. These statistics provide essential information on what space–time scales rainfall has to be monitored, given certain catchment and flood characteristics, and what are the effects of space–time aggregation on flood response modeling."

The JGrass-NewAge system for forecasting and managing the hydrological budgets at the basin scale: the models of flow generation, propagation, and aggregation

A few year ago, I felt the necessity to built a less distributed model than GEOtop, but, at the same time, less lumped than my Peakflow model based in the GIUH theory. The model had to follow the new informatics envisioned in the GEOFRAME talk (see one of my first post for reference, and the post on adopting OMS3). The occasion was some financial support coming from the Adige river basin Authority. That, not only started the JGrass-NewAGE model, but also the migration of JGrass to the Eclipse Rich Client Platform, the implementation of a Postgres/Postgis database suited to contain a digital watershed model.

The first implementation of the model was based on the OpenMI, but as explained a couple of posts ago, we migrated to the OMS3 platform, and the second implementation of the model can be now found here.

The paper I am introducing, talk about the rainfallrunoff core of JGrass-NewAGE, and presents a discussion of its predictive capacity. The model focuses on the hydrological balance of medium scale to large scale basins, and considers statistics of the processes at the hillslope scale. The whole modeling system consists of six main parts: (i) estimation of energy balance; (ii) estimation of evapotranspiration; (iii) snow modelling; (iv) estimation of runoff production; (v) aggregation and propagation of flows in channel, and (vi) description of intakes, out-takes, and reservoirs. This paper details the processes, of runoff production, and aggregation/propagation of flows on a river network. The system is based on a hillslope-link geometrical partition of the landscape, so the basic unit, where the budget is evaluated, consists of hillslopes that drain into a single associated link rather than cells or pixels. To this conceptual partition corresponds an implementation of informatics that uses vectorial features for channels, and raster data for hillslopes. Runoff production at each channel link is estimated through a combination of the Duffy (1996) model and a GIUH model for estimating residence times in hillslope. Routing in channels uses equations integrated for any channels' link, and produces discharges at any link end, for any link in the river network. The model has been tested against measured discharges according to some indexes of goodness of fit such as RMSE and Nash Sutcliffe. The characteristic ability to reproduce discharge in any point of the river network is used to infer some statistics, and notably, the scaling properties of the modeled discharge.

The full paper is available at the GMMD site. Any comment from you is welcomed.