Welcome to the 2024 Hydrological modelling class. To understand better what is below:
- A storyboard is a summary, usually in Italian, of the lecture
- A whiteboard is an explanation of a particular topic made on the whiteboard (using Notability on the iPad)
- Slides are commented in English (since 2021)
- Videos are available to comment the slides. They are usually recorded during the lectures with no editing at all (which would be too much time expensive). 2024 Videos are uploaded to a Vimeo Showcase that can be found here.
- Additional information (only for the brave or the curious) and references are in italics
2023-02-19 - I - Syllabus - Introduction 2 Hydrological Modelling
Here I introduced the class. Its learning by doing philosophy (altered by the necessity due to COVID-19 times that impose to do first the all the theoretical parts and subsequently all the practical parts hoping that they can be done in presence).
- The real start (Vimeo2024)
- Prerequistes (Vimeo2024 - I, Vimeo2024-II)
- Methods (Vimeo2024, II)
- How you will be graded (Vimeo2024)
- The Topics (Vimeo2024)
- Vimeo2023 II
- (from a general point of view) (Vimeo Video 2020, Vimeo 2021, Vimeo2022)
2024-02-22 - Geomorphometry - Discussion of previous lesson topics. The rational of introducing these concepts is that catchments are spatially extended and in this course we are interested to deal with catchments hydrology.
In this first part we deal with the geometrical (differential) characteristics of the topography. Elevations, slopes, curvatures. They will be necessary later to extract the river network and the parts of a catchment.
In this class we define also what the drainage directions are and how they are computed in the case of DEMs (a topography discretized over a regular grid). From drainage directions are determined the total contributing areas in each point of a DEM. These two characteristics are eventually used to determine the channels head and extract the river network. In turn, the extraction of the channel network allows for the extraction of hillslope and a first definition of the Hydrologic Response Units (HRU).
- Introduction to Geomorphometry I:
- The basics of DEM analysis (All the differential geometry-derived quantities)
- Elevation, Slopes, (Vimeo 2024)
- Curvatures (Vimeo 2024)
- Old videos: Vimeo 2023 - Part I, Vimeo_2023-Part II, Vimeo 2023 Curvatures), Vimeo 2022 part I, Vimeo 2022, part II, Vimeo2021, YouTube video 2019,YouTube2020, Sintesi in Italiano 2020
- Hydrogeomorphology: the derived quantities, drainage directions and contributing areas (Vimeo2024)
- (Vimeo 2023, Vimeo 2022, Vimeo2021, YouTube video 2019,YouTube2020, Sintesi in Italiano 2020)
- On the estimation of tangential stresses in a curved topography (Whiteboard 2020)
- References for who wants to go deeper
- Peckham, R. J., and G. Jordan. 2007. Digital Terrain Modelling: Development and Applications in a Policy Support Environment. Edited by Robert Joseph Peckham and Gyozo Jordan. New York: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Lecture Notes In Geoinformation and Cartography.
- A Storyboard Italian regarding the geomorphic laws
2024-02-26
- Where do channels begin: Extracting channels and hillslope (Vimeo 2024)
- (Vimeo2022,Vimeo 2023)
- Old classes: YouTubeVideo 2020 b, Sintesi in Italiano 2020
- Old a little different but useful material: extracting the hillslope (YouTube Video 2019,YouTube2020)
- Channel heads move (Vimeo 2024)
- A brief overview about geomorphic laws regarding the river networks and catchments (Vimeo 2024).
- Old Classes: Vimeo 2021, Vimeo2022
- Additional information and references
- Part of the above but presented in a different way. Topological classification of catchments elements:
- Horton-Strahler Ordering (Whiteboard2020);
- Pfafstetter (Whiteboard2020; an alternative presentation here) and
- other ordering schemes (Whiteboard 2020 here).
- Rigon, Riccardo, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe, Amos Maritan, Achille Giacometti, David G. Tarboton, and Andrea Rinaldo. 1996. “On Hack’s Law.” Water Resources Research 32 (11): 3367–74.
- Detecting the human landscape (please try to read and summarize the main concepts): Cao, Wenfang, Giulia Sofia, and Paolo Tarolli. 2020. “Geomorphometric Characterisation of Natural and Anthropogenic Land Covers.” Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 7 (1): 2.
- Other references:
- Older classes in Italian
- Geomorphology with References
- Various information from the AboutHydrology Blog
- R.Rigon, E. Ghesla, C. Tiso and A. Cozzini, The Horton Machine, pg. viii, 136, ISBN 10:88-8443-147-6, University of Trento, 2006
- W. Abera, A. Antonello, S. Franceschi, G. Formetta, R Rigon , "The uDig Spatial Toolbox for hydro-geomorphic analysis" in Geomorphological Techniques, v. 4, n. 1 (2014), p. 1-19
Q&A -
2024-02-29 - Interpolations
This lecture, assuming that now you have at least the concepts of what a catchment is and theoretically you know how to extract it and subdivide it in parts, deals with the data to feed catchments hydrology models. Because catchments have a spatial distribution, then also the driving data must be distributed. We need therefore methods of interpolation.
- Getting the sense of what we are doing (Vimeo2022)
- Hydrological data (Storyboard2020 in Italian)
- To which data are we interested in and where can we find them ? (In English)
- Ground data and their interpolation (Vimeo2024)
- Vimeo2022, Vimeo 2021, Zoom2020
- Thiessen Polygons (Storyboard2020 in Italian)
- Inverse distance Weighting (Storyboard 2020 in Italian)
- Introduction to Kriging Theory:
- Summary (Vimeo2024)
- Building the system to solve ( Storyboard 2020),
- the Kriging's equations (Vimeo2024 part1, Vimeo2024 part 2)
2024-03-04 - Interpolations part II.
In this class we try to understand how to estimate the errors over the estimates. Besides we introduce a method (the Normal Score) to avoid to obtain negative values when positive interpolated values are required.
- Catching the errors of estimates (Vimeo 2024)
- Flow chart and Various types of Kriging (Vimeo2024)
- The Normal score (Vimeo2023)
- Some tools available in OMS3 (Vimeo2022)
- Additional material:
- References:
- Marialaura Bancheri, Francesco Serafin, Michele Bottazzi, Wuletawu Abera, Giuseppe Formetta, and Riccardo Rigon, The design, deployment, and testing of kriging models in GEOframe with SIK-0.9.8, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2189–2207, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2189-2018
- Andràs Bardossy, Introduction to Geostatistics, year unknown.
- Goovaerts, P. (1997). Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation (pp. 1–488). New York : Oxford University Press.
- P.K. Kitanidis, Introduction to GEOstatistics, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511626166
- Mitas, Lubos, and Helena Mitasova. 1999. “Spatial Interpolation.” Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Management and Applications 1 (2). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.224.5959&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
- G. Raspa, Dispense di Geostatistica Applicata, Università di Roma 3, 2010
Q&A -
Spatial Interpolation (Vimeo2023)
Hydrological Models. This is a class about hydrological models, so what are they ?
The title is self-explanatory. A theoretical approach to modelling is necessary because we have to frame properly our action when we jump from the laws of physics to the laws of hydrology. Making hydrology we do not have to forget physics but for getting usable models we have to do appropriate simplifications and distorsions. The type of model we will use in the course are those in the tradition are called lumped models. Here we also introduce a graphical tool to represent these models.
2024-03-06-Hydrological Models
2024-03-06-Hydrological Models
For old material give a look to Hydrological Modelling 2023
- Catchment processes (Vimeo2024)
- Hydrological Models (Vimeo2024)
- Seven steps in hydrological modelling I: clarifying the purposes, geomorphology, pre-analysis of input data (Vimeo2024)
2024-03-11
- Integral Distributed Model or Hydrological Dynamical Systems, HDSys (Vimeo2024)
- The representation of Hydrological Dynamical System (Vimeo2024)
- Seven steps in hydrological modelling II: setup, model calibration/execution/validation (Vimeo2024)
- Seven steps in hydrological modelling III: delivery the results, final deployment to stakeholders (Vimeo2024)
2024-03-18
- DARTHs (Digital Twins of Earth System) (Vimeo2024)
- A new way to do models (Vimeo2024)
- A final view on Hydrological Dynamical Systems and their application to catchments.
- Hypothesis testing in Hydrological Modelling with HDSys (At the whiteboard)
- Further readings:
Linear Models for HRUs
Once we have grasped the main general (and generic) ideas, we try to draw the simplest systems. They turn out to be analytically solvable, and we derive their solutions carefully. From the group of linear systems springs out the Nash model, whose derivation is performed. Obviously, it remains the problem to understand how much the models can describe "reality". However, this an issue we leave for future investigations.
- The very simplest linear system (Vimeo2024)
- Vimeo 2022, Vimeo2021 , Vimeo2023
- Derivation of the solution of the linear reservoir (Blackboard2024)
- Same derivation as above but from a different source and treated in a general way
- Getting new features to the linear systems (Vimeo2024)
- Summarizing the previous class results at the blackboard(Vimeo2022)
2024-03-21
- The Nash model (Vimeo2024)
- A trick for doing the double integration in the Nash Hydrograph derivation (Blackboard 2024, Blackboard2023, Blackboard2022, Vimeo Whiteboard 2021)
- The S-function (Blackboard2024)
We introduced previously without very much digging into it the concept of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph. Here we explain more deeply its properties, Then we observe that there are issues related to the partition of fluxes and we discuss some simple models for obtaining them. Not rocket science here. The concept that we need those tools is more important than the tools themselves. We also observe that linearity is not satisfactory and we give a reference to many non linear models. Finally we discuss an implementation of some of the discussed concepts in the System GEOframe.
- The storyboard
- The IUH classic (Vimeo2024)
- Summarizing the previous class (Vimeo2022)
- The issue of runoff generation,
2024-03-25
- ERM-I (Vimeo2024)
- Vimeo2023, Vime2022
- In Italian: Vimeo2021-I, Vimeo2021-II
- ERM-II (Vimeo2024)
- Vimeo2023, Vime2022
- In Italian: Vimeo2021-I, Vimeo2021-II
- Simplified snow models (Vimeo2024)
2024-03-28
- A summary of previous lectures
- MaRRmot survey of models (Vimeo2024)
- A little about models calibration (Vimeo2024)
- Notes about models validation (Vimeo2024)
Intermediate exam (2024-04-22)
Travel Time, Residence Time and Response Time
Here below we started a little series of lectures about a statistical way of seeing water movements in catchments. This view has a long history but recently had a closure with the work of Rinaldo, Botter and coworkers. Here it is presented an alternative vie to their concepts. Some passages could be of some difficulty but the gain in understanding the processes of fluxes formation at catchment scale is, in my view, of great value and deserves some effort. The way of thinking is the following: a) the overall catchments fluxes are the sum of the movements of many small water volumes (molecules); b) the water of molecules can be seen through 3 distributions: the travel time distribution, the residence time distribution and the response time distributions; c) the relationships between these distributions are revealed; d) the relation of these distributions with the the treatment of the catchments made through ordinary differential equations is obtained through the definition of age ranked distributions; e) The theory this developed is a generalizations of the unit hydrograph theory.
- The view of the catchment as the statistics of elementary water volumes moving stochastically, a storyboard
- Travel Time, Residence Times (Vimeo2024)
- A summary (Vimeo 2022)
- A short note about past and future (Vimeo2022)
- Vimeo 2021-Ita, Vimeo 2021-Eng, Vimeo2022
- Some discussion (In English)
2024-04-04
- Previous lesson recap - Blackboard2024
- StorAge Selection Functions (Vimeo2024)
- (Blackboard2024 -1, Blackboard2024 -2)
- Response time and Life Expectancy (Vimeo2024)
- Niemi's identity (Vimeo2024)
- Multiple Reservoirs (Vimeo2024)
- Partitions (Vimeo2024)
- Pollutants and Tracers (Vimeo2024)
- Q&A - A student asks and I respond on travel times (in Italian)
- Q&A - Another session of explanations
- Klicker session on Travel times, Residence Time, etc. (List of questions and answers by students, Zoom2020)
- More material on travel time, residence time and response time on this blog.
- Old material on the same topic
- Response Times (Vimeo 2023)
- Vimeo2020
- Vimeo 2021-Eng, Vimeo 2021-It
- A little of discussion (in English)
- Pollutants, Tracers, Nutrients Transport (Vimeo2023)
- (Vimeo2022)
- Partitioning the outputs (Vimeo2023)
- (Vimeo2022)
- Rigon, R., M. Bancheri, and T. R. Green. 2016. “Age-Ranked Hydrological Budgets and a Travel Time Description of Catchment Hydrology.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/4929/2016/.
- Rigon, Riccardo, and Marialaura Bancheri. 2021. “On the Relations between the Hydrological Dynamical Systems of Water Budget, Travel Time, Response Time and Tracer Concentrations.” Hydrological Processes 35 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14007.
- More References in slides
Additional material
Digressions I - A Glimpse on distributed process-based models
Digressions II - Radiation - After all radiation moves it all.
- Radiation (YouTube 2017).
- The Sun (YouTube 2017)
- Stefan-Boltzmann law and radiation spectrum (YouTube 2017, Vimeo2021)
- Sun to Earth (YouTube 2017)
- Coping with latitude and longitude (YouTube 2017,Vimeo2021)
- Atmospheric Absorptions (YouTube 2017,Vimeo2021)
- Clouds (YouTube 2017,Vimeo2021)
- Coping with terrain (YouTube 2017,Vimeo2021)
- Long wave radiation (YouTube 2017, Vimeo2021)
- Table of symbols
- Readings:
- Corripio, J. G. (2002). Modelling the energy balance of high altitude glacierised basins in the Central Andes. Ph.D Dissertation, 1–175.
- Corripio, J. G. (2003). Vectorial algebra algorithms for calculating terrain parameters from DEMs and solar radiation modelling in mountainous terrain. Int. J. Geographical Information Science, 17(1), 1–23.
- Formetta, G., Rigon, R., Chávez, J. L., & David O. (2013). Modeling shortwave solar radiation using the JGrass-NewAge system. Geoscientific Model Development, 6(4), 915–928. http://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-915-2013
- Formetta, G., Bancheri, M., David, O., & Rigon, R. (2016). Performance of site-specific parameterizations of longwave radiation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20(11), 4641–4654. http://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4641-2016
- Various material from the AboutHydrology blog
- Q&A - Some questions on radiation, your answers and my comments.
Digressions III
Equations for disease spreading (Out of schedule)
- An unexpected candid way (for naive people like me) to model Covid-19 spreading (Whiteboard2020, Zoom2020)
- But look how it is a more informed model s.
Digressions IV
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