"Since the middle of the 1960’s, a number of satellite-derived snow products have been available, with a few available in near-real time through Internet (Bitner et al, 2002).
Space-board passive microwave radiometer, such as SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer), SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager), and AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System), can penetrate clouds to detect microwave energy emitted by snow and ice and provide information on SWE or snow depth and thus estimating runoff (Pulliainen, 2006; Wulder et al., 2007). Since the 1970s, SWE retrieval from space-borne passive microwave has been investigated. Space-borne passive microwave data are well suited to snow cover monitoring because of characteristics such as all weather imaging, a wide swath width with frequent overpass times, and a long available time series (Derksen et al., 2004). But the coarse spatial resolution (25 km of AMSR-E is the best available now) hinders their application in operational hydrological modeling and snow-caused disasters monitoring (Foster et al., 2003; Dressler, et al. 2006; Pulliainen，2006). Optical sensors such as AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectraradiometer), SPOT and Landsat have been well developed to produce snow cover maps with high spatial resolution (Salonmonson & Appel, 2004; Brown et al., 2007; Dozier&Painter, 2004). But due to the inherent limitation, optical sensors cannot see the earth surface when cloud is present. High cloud blockage becomes the biggest problem in applying snow products from optical sensor (Klein & Barnett, 2003; Zhou et al., 2005; Tekeli et al., 2005; Ault et al., 2006; Liang et al. 2008 a, b; Wang et al., 2008a, b; Wang and Xie 2009)"
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